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Metabolic Models, in Silico Trials, and Algorithms.

Ali Cinar1, Ananda Basu2, B Wayne Bequette3

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA.

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|July 1, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Artificial pancreas (AP) systems, or automated insulin delivery systems, enhance glucose control and quality of life. Future systems aim for full automation, managing glucose without user input for meals or exercise.

Keywords:
artificial pancreasdigital twinsglucose control algorithmsmathematical modelssimulators for in silico clinical trialswomen with diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Endocrinology
  • Diabetes Technology

Background:

  • Artificial pancreas (AP) systems, also known as automated insulin delivery systems, have significantly improved glycemic control and quality of life for individuals with diabetes.
  • Current AP systems often operate in a hybrid closed-loop mode, necessitating user input for meals and physical activity, highlighting a need for further automation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the advancements in mathematical modeling, continuous glucose monitoring, and insulin pump technology that underpin AP systems.
  • To discuss the transition from animal studies to in silico trials for accelerating AP development.
  • To explore the development of next-generation, fully automated AP systems and address specific glycemic challenges in women with diabetes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of progress in glucose-insulin dynamics modeling.
  • Analysis of continuous glucose monitoring and insulin pump technologies.
  • Examination of in silico clinical trial methodologies and their impact on AP development.

Main Results:

  • AP systems have demonstrated improvements in time in range and reduced user burden.
  • In silico trials have accelerated the development and testing of AP technologies.
  • Progress is being made towards fully automated AP systems capable of managing various glycemic disturbances.

Conclusions:

  • Artificial pancreas technology has evolved significantly, enhancing diabetes management.
  • Future AP systems aim for full automation, reducing the burden on users and improving glucose homeostasis.
  • Addressing the unique glycemic challenges for women across their lifespan is a key area of ongoing research.