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General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Surface, Infiltration, and Conduction Block Anesthesia

Depending on the target organ, local anesthetics (LAs) can be administered via various routes. In surface anesthesia, LAs are applied directly to the surface of the skin or mucous membranes. It is widely used for topical skin numbing before venipuncture or minor surgical procedures. Commonly used surface local anesthetics are lidocaine or benzocaine sprays or creams. Surface anesthesia occurs within 5 minutes and lasts for about 60 minutes. One of the main disadvantages of topical anesthesia is...

Stages of General Anesthesia

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Electrophysiological Methods to Assess Peripheral Pain Block in an Anesthetized Rat

Electrophysiological Methods to Assess Peripheral Pain Block in an Anesthetized Rat

Published on: November 21, 2025

Analgesia for anesthetized patients.

Kip A Lemke¹, Catherine M Creighton

¹Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada. klemke@upei.ca

Topics in Companion Animal Medicine

|June 3, 2010

Summary

Effective perioperative pain management for cats and dogs requires understanding pain pathophysiology and multimodal analgesic therapy. This guide offers a simplified approach for clinicians to improve patient outcomes and reduce risks.

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Area of Science:

Veterinary Medicine
Anesthesiology
Pain Management

Background:

Current perioperative pain management protocols for cats and dogs are often complex, leading to suboptimal efficacy or increased patient risk.
A need exists for simplified, effective strategies grounded in the pathophysiology of pain.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide veterinary clinicians with a foundational understanding of perioperative pain pathophysiology.
To impart practical knowledge of effective pain management principles.
To present a simplified, actionable approach to perioperative pain control in companion animals.

Main Methods:

Review of the pathophysiology of perioperative pain in animals.
Discussion of multimodal analgesic therapy principles.
Examination of the clinical pharmacology of major analgesic drug classes.
Development of a simplified management strategy.

Main Results:

The article outlines the mechanisms of perioperative pain.
It details the pharmacology of key analgesic agents.
A structured, simplified approach to multimodal pain management is proposed.

Conclusions:

Simplified, multimodal analgesic therapy is crucial for effective perioperative pain management in cats and dogs.
Understanding pain pathophysiology and drug classes enables clinicians to optimize treatment.
This approach aims to enhance patient safety and improve recovery outcomes.