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Related Concept Videos

Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...
Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

Clathrin Coated Vesicles

Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles01:32

Pinching-off of Coated Vesicles

Vesicle budding is orchestrated by distinct cytosolic proteins such as adaptor proteins, coat proteins, and GTPases. To initiate vesicle budding, membrane-bending proteins containing crescent-shaped BAR domains bind to the lipid heads in the bilayer and distort the membrane to form a protein-coated vesicle bud. Adaptors proteins such as AP2 for clathrin-coated vesicles can nucleate on the deformed membrane. Finally, coat proteins such as clathrin or COPI and COPII assemble into a coat forming...
SNAREs and Membrane Fusion01:43

SNAREs and Membrane Fusion

Once a transport vesicle has recognized its target organelle, the vesicular membrane needs to fuse with the target membrane to unload the cargo. Transmembrane proteins called SNAREs present on organelle membranes and their vesicles, mediate vesicle fusion.
SNAREs exist in pairs that symmetrically interact and catalyze the fusion of the lipid bilayers in vesicle and target organelle. v-SNARE in the vesicle membrane are single polypeptide chains that bind to a complementary t-SNARE, composed of 2...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

In Vesiculo Synthesis of Peptide Membrane Precursors for Autonomous Vesicle Growth
07:10

In Vesiculo Synthesis of Peptide Membrane Precursors for Autonomous Vesicle Growth

Published on: June 28, 2019

From self-assembled vesicles to protocells.

Irene A Chen1, Peter Walde

  • 1FAS Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA. ichen@lsdiv.harvard.edu

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
|June 4, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Self-assembled vesicles, crucial for early life, are explored through their thermodynamics, kinetics, and experimental models using fatty acids. Research highlights vesicle-RNA interactions and the transition to protocells, addressing challenges in self-replication and information transmission.

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Preparation of Giant Vesicles Encapsulating Microspheres by Centrifugation of a Water-in-oil Emulsion
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The Encapsulation of Cell-free Transcription and Translation Machinery in Vesicles for the Construction of Cellular Mimics
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The Encapsulation of Cell-free Transcription and Translation Machinery in Vesicles for the Construction of Cellular Mimics

Published on: October 21, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

In Vesiculo Synthesis of Peptide Membrane Precursors for Autonomous Vesicle Growth
07:10

In Vesiculo Synthesis of Peptide Membrane Precursors for Autonomous Vesicle Growth

Published on: June 28, 2019

Preparation of Giant Vesicles Encapsulating Microspheres by Centrifugation of a Water-in-oil Emulsion
05:43

Preparation of Giant Vesicles Encapsulating Microspheres by Centrifugation of a Water-in-oil Emulsion

Published on: January 24, 2017

The Encapsulation of Cell-free Transcription and Translation Machinery in Vesicles for the Construction of Cellular Mimics
10:28

The Encapsulation of Cell-free Transcription and Translation Machinery in Vesicles for the Construction of Cellular Mimics

Published on: October 21, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Origin of Life studies
  • Biophysics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Self-assembled vesicles are fundamental to primitive cell formation.
  • Understanding vesicle self-assembly is key to origins of life research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of vesicles in the origins of life.
  • To discuss the thermodynamics, kinetics, and experimental models of vesicle self-assembly.
  • To explore the transition from simple vesicles to protocells.

Main Methods:

  • Review of fundamental thermodynamics and kinetics of self-assembly.
  • Examination of experimental models using prebiotically plausible fatty acids.
  • Analysis of recent work on vesicle-RNA interactions.

Main Results:

  • Vesicles formed from fatty acids are key models for early cell structures.
  • Interactions between vesicles and RNA are critical for protocell development.
  • The transition to protocells involves complex biophysical and informational challenges.

Conclusions:

  • Vesicle self-assembly provides insights into the origins of life.
  • Further research is needed on protocell biophysics, information transmission, and self-replication.