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Related Concept Videos

Allergic Reactions02:06

Allergic Reactions

Overview
Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses01:30

Adrenergic Agonists: Therapeutic Uses

Adrenergic agonists have diverse therapeutic uses across various medical conditions and emergencies.
Emergency and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) applications: Pressor agents increase blood pressure, heart rate, and contractility in shock and organ failure situations. Dopamine can induce vasodilation and stimulate adrenoceptors. Endogenous catecholamines are effective in treating cardiogenic shock. α2-agonists like clonidine can reverse anesthesia-induced hypertension.
Allergies and anaphylaxis:...
Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis01:30

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...
Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype01:26

Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype

β-adrenoceptors have varied sensitivities towards adrenaline, noradrenaline, and isoprenaline. The order of agonist potency is as follows:
Isoprenaline > Adrenaline > Noradrenaline
Neurotransmitter binding to these receptors causes activation of adenylyl cyclase resulting in increased concentrations of cAMP and modulation of calcium ion channels within the cell. They are further classified into β1, β2, and β3 subtypes.
β1-adrenoceptors: β1-adrenoceptors have equal affinities for...
Adrenergic Agonists: Mixed-Action Agents01:28

Adrenergic Agonists: Mixed-Action Agents

Mixed-action adrenergic agonists, like ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, directly and indirectly affect adrenergic receptors. These agents stimulate adrenoceptors and indirectly release stored neurotransmitters, amplifying the adrenergic response.
Ephedrine and pseudoephedrine lack a catecholamine group, making them less susceptible to degradation by metabolic enzymes. They have increased oral bioavailability and lipophilicity, resulting in a longer duration of action. Their response is reduced by...
Adrenergic Neurons: Neurotransmission01:27

Adrenergic Neurons: Neurotransmission

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers (except those supplying the sweat glands) releasing noradrenaline or norepinephrine are called noradrenergic or adrenergic neurons. Noradrenaline, dopamine, adrenaline, or epinephrine are collectively called "catecholamines" as they contain a catechol moiety and an amine side chain. The five stages of neurotransmitter release involve their synthesis, storage, release, reuptake and metabolism.
Synthesis: Catecholamine synthesis requires tyrosine, which is taken...

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Changing the history of anaphylaxis mortality statistics through the World Health Organization's International Classification of Diseases-11.

The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology·2019
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Guiding Principles for the Recognition, Diagnosis, and Management of Infants with Anaphylaxis: An Expert Panel Consensus.

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In Vivo Evaluation of Taste-Masked Fast-Disintegrating Sublingual Tablets of Epinephrine Microcrystals.

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Critical view of anaphylaxis epidemiology: open questions and new perspectives.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Measuring Local Anaphylaxis in Mice
07:49

Measuring Local Anaphylaxis in Mice

Published on: October 14, 2014

Epinephrine (adrenaline) in anaphylaxis.

F Estelle R Simons, Keith J Simons

    Chemical Immunology and Allergy
    |June 4, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Prompt administration of epinephrine (adrenaline) is crucial for treating anaphylaxis, improving airway obstruction and shock. Novel formulations and administration routes are being developed for safer, easier first-aid use.

    Area of Science:

    • Emergency Medicine
    • Pharmacology
    • Allergy and Immunology

    Background:

    • Epinephrine (adrenaline) is the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis due to its broad, life-saving effects.
    • Delayed epinephrine administration is a significant factor in anaphylaxis-related fatalities.
    • Optimal therapeutic window and safety profiles vary with epinephrine administration routes.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review the critical role of epinephrine in managing anaphylaxis.
    • To discuss the importance of timely epinephrine administration and appropriate dosing.
    • To explore potential future research directions, including randomized controlled trials and novel delivery systems.

    Main Methods:

    • Literature review of existing guidelines and research on epinephrine use in anaphylaxis.

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    Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency
    10:22

    Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency

    Published on: June 29, 2021

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

    Measuring Local Anaphylaxis in Mice
    07:49

    Measuring Local Anaphylaxis in Mice

    Published on: October 14, 2014

    Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency
    10:22

    Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency

    Published on: June 29, 2021

  • Analysis of pharmacologic effects and administration routes of epinephrine.
  • Discussion of ethical considerations for future clinical trials.

    • Main Results:

    • Epinephrine effectively manages airway obstruction and shock in anaphylaxis.
    • Intramuscular injection in the anterolateral thigh is the recommended route for initial adult doses (0.3-0.5 mg).
    • Subcutaneous administration may delay onset, while intravenous use can increase adverse effects.

    Conclusions:

    • Immediate epinephrine administration is vital for improving outcomes in anaphylaxis.
    • Further research, including non-placebo-controlled trials comparing doses and routes, is warranted.
    • Development of improved epinephrine autoinjectors and non-invasive formulations aims to enhance community first-aid response.