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The Thyroid Gland

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...

Goiter

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

[Thyroid gland primary leiomyosarcoma].

Antonio Augusto T Bertelli¹, Luiz Cláudio Bosco Massarollo, Erivelto Martinho Volpi

¹Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, SP, Brasil. antonio.bertelli@terra.com.br <antonio.bertelli@terra.com.br>

Arquivos Brasileiros De Endocrinologia E Metabologia

|June 4, 2010

Summary

Primary thyroid leiomyosarcoma is a rare cancer. This case study details a successful treatment approach involving surgery and radiotherapy, showing no recurrence after four years.

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An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer

Published on: February 3, 2023

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

An Orthotopic Mouse Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: April 17, 2013

Area of Science:

Oncology
Pathology

Background:

Thyroid sarcomas are rare, with primary thyroid leiomyosarcomas accounting for only 0.014% of cases.
Diagnosis is challenging, often misdiagnosed as common thyroid carcinomas.
Limited data exists on effective treatments due to the rarity and poor prognosis.

Observation:

A case of primary thyroid leiomyosarcoma in a young male is presented.
The patient underwent total thyroidectomy and selective neck dissection.
Adjuvant radiotherapy was administered post-surgery.

Findings:

The patient experienced a good postoperative course.
After a four-year follow-up, there was no evidence of local recurrence or distant metastasis.
This suggests a potentially effective treatment strategy for this rare tumor.

Implications:

Highlights the importance of considering rare diagnoses like leiomyosarcoma in thyroid pathology.
Suggests that a combination of radical surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy may improve outcomes.
Contributes valuable data to the limited literature on thyroid leiomyosarcoma management.