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Fabrication of Zero Mode Waveguides for High Concentration Single Molecule Microscopy
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Glass waveguides made using low melting point nitrate mixtures.

J L Jackel

    Applied Optics
    |June 5, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces cost-effective silver-sodium ion exchange methods for glass waveguides using novel molten salt media. These techniques enhance process flexibility and reduce the need for expensive silver nitrate, lowering overall production costs.

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Optoelectronics
    • Glass Chemistry

    Background:

    • Silver-sodium ion exchange is a standard technique for fabricating optical waveguides in glass.
    • Existing methods can be costly and lack process flexibility.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore alternative molten salt media for silver-sodium ion exchange.
    • To reduce the cost and increase the flexibility of waveguide fabrication.
    • To investigate the control over refractive index profiles.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized two distinct molten salt exchange media: potassium nitrate:silver nitrate (KNO(3):AgNO(3)) and a sodium nitrate:potassium nitrate (NaNO(3):KNO(3)) eutectic with added silver nitrate (AgNO(3)).
    • Investigated ion exchange at reduced temperatures, as low as 150°C for KNO(3):AgNO(3) and 220°C for the eutectic mixture.

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  • Analyzed the control over the surface refractive index change (deltan).

    • Main Results:

    • The KNO(3):AgNO(3) medium allows ion exchange at temperatures as low as 150°C, suitable for field-assisted processes.
    • The NaNO(3):KNO(3) eutectic with low AgNO(3) concentrations (≤5 mole %) enables control of deltan between 0.01-0.09 at 220°C.
    • The eutectic method significantly reduces the consumption of expensive AgNO(3), thereby lowering fabrication costs.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed molten salt media offer enhanced flexibility and cost-effectiveness for fabricating glass waveguides.
    • Low-concentration silver nitrate in a NaNO(3):KNO(3) eutectic provides a viable method for controlled surface index modification.
    • These advancements make waveguide fabrication more accessible and economical.