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Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Direct Comparison of Hyperspectral Stimulated Raman Scattering and Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy for Chemical Imaging
Published on: April 28, 2022
Comparison of approaches to modulation spectroscopy with GaAIAs semiconductor lasers: application to water vapor
Abstract:
Four different forms of modulation spectroscopy were used to study water vapor absorption around 816 nm using GaAIAs semiconductor lasers. They are wavelength modulation at 1 kHz and 100 MHz, single-tone frequency modulation (FM) at 1 GHz, and two-tone FM at I GHz +/- 10 MHz. Extrapolating from measurements on a 1.4% absorption we find that two-tone frequency modulation is sensitive to an absorption of 2.4 x 10(-6). This is at least an order of magnitude more sensitive than single-tone FM and wavelength modulation.
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