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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
A substance melts or freezes at a temperature called its melting point and boils or condenses at its boiling point. These temperatures depend on pressure. High pressure favors the denser form of the substance, so typically, high pressure...
Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
States of Matter and Phase Changes00:59

States of Matter and Phase Changes

The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and pressure, that...
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal
06:24

High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal

Published on: October 31, 2019

Space observations of cold-cloud phase change.

Yong-Sang Choi1, Richard S Lindzen, Chang-Hoi Ho

  • 1Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. ysc@ewha.ac.kr

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|June 11, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dust particles influence cloud composition, with about 50% of clouds being supercooled at -20°C. Dust aerosols appear to reduce this fraction, impacting cloud radiative effects and climate sensitivity calculations.

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Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
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Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal
06:24

High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal

Published on: October 31, 2019

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets
06:26

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

Published on: May 15, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Science
  • Cloud Physics
  • Climate Science

Background:

  • Mixed-phase clouds are crucial for Earth's radiative balance, but their composition is uncertain.
  • Supercooled water fraction in clouds varies with temperature, impacting radiative effect calculations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the influence of ambient temperature on mixed cloud-phase composition.
  • To determine the role of dust aerosols in modulating supercooled cloud fractions.
  • To assess the impact of these variations on cloud radiative effects and climate sensitivity.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of vertically resolved cloud measurements from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instrument on the Aqua satellite (June 2006-May 2007).
  • Correlation analysis with coincident dust aerosol data from CALIOP.
  • Examination of radiative flux observations from the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) instrument on the Terra satellite.
  • Radiative transfer model simulations.

Main Results:

  • Globally, approximately 50% of clouds were supercooled at -20°C.
  • Supercooled cloud fraction decreased at lower temperatures between -10°C and -40°C.
  • A negative correlation was observed between supercooled cloud fraction and dust aerosol frequency at -20°C, suggesting dust promotes ice formation.
  • A 20% variation in supercooled cloud fraction significantly impacts shortwave cloud radiative effects (10-20 W m⁻²).
  • Dust-induced glaciation decreases cloud albedo, counteracting the albedo increase from dust aerosols themselves.

Conclusions:

  • Dust aerosols can effectively "glaciate" supercooled clouds, altering their phase composition.
  • This glaciation effect has significant implications for accurately calculating cloud radiative effects.
  • The findings highlight dust's complex role in climate, potentially reducing its overall warming impact by decreasing albedo, which is critical for climate sensitivity estimations.