The Medici syndrome: a medico-historical puzzle

The historical significance of the Medici family of Florence is widely recognised, but the diseases which afflicted leading members of this family have only been scientifically studied in recent decades. Paleopathological findings on exhumed skeletons, supplemented by medical descriptions in historical documents, have permitted a retrospective diagnosis of a triple pathological syndrome in the senior branch of the Medici family. Peripheral joint and spinal conditions, with the presence of skin disease, are identified in several generations of the family in the 15th century and are presented as the 'Medici syndrome'. Radiological findings are compared with macro- and microscopical descriptions in the diagnosis of the peripheral joint disease and spinal ankylosis/stenosis within the syndrome.