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Mutations

Mutations

Mutations

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...

Mutations

Mutations

Mismatch Repair

Mismatch Repair

Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
The human genome has more than 3 billion base pairs of DNA per cell. Prior to cell division, that vast amount of genetic...

Mismatch Repair

Mismatch Repair

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations

Spontaneous and Induced Mutations

Spontaneous mutations arise infrequently during DNA replication due to errors in the process. A key factor behind these errors is tautomeric shifts in nitrogenous bases, where bases transition from keto to enol forms or amino to imino forms. This shift can alter base-pairing rules, leading to mutations. Additionally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) arising from aerobic metabolism can damage DNA, resulting in depurination (loss of a purine base) or depyrimidination (loss of a pyrimidine base).

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio

In Vivo Modeling of the Morbid Human Genome using Danio rerio

Published on: August 24, 2013

On or off target: mutations, models, and predictions.

Levi A Garraway¹, William C Hahn

¹Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Levi_Garraway@dfci.harvard.edu

Science Translational Medicine

|June 12, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers explain the complex development of RAF inhibitor drugs for melanoma treatment. Their work clarifies challenges in targeting protein kinases for cancer therapy, offering insights for future drug discovery.

Area of Science:

Oncology
Pharmacology
Biochemistry

Background:

Clinical trials for RAF inhibitors in melanoma treatment have faced challenges.
The development of targeted cancer therapies, particularly protein kinase inhibitors, can be complex.

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