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Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water
Published on: August 3, 2016
Optimization and validation of liquid-liquid extraction with low temperature partitioning for determination of
Simone Machado Goulart1, Renata Domingos Alves, Antônio Augusto Neves
1Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Vila Gianetti, Casa 24, 36 570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
Abstract:
Using a 2(3) experimental design, liquid-liquid extraction with low temperature partitioning (LLE-LTP) was optimized and validated for analysis of three carbamates (aldicarb, carbofuran and carbaryl) in water samples. In this method, 2.0 mL of sample is placed in contact with 4.0 mL of acetonitrile. After agitation, the sample is placed in a freezer for 3 h for phase separation. The organic extract is analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). For validation of the technique, the following figures of merit were evaluated: accuracy, precision, detection and quantification limits, linearity, sensibility and selectivity. Extraction recovery percentages of the carbamates aldicarb, carbofuran and carbaryl were 90%, 95% and 96%, respectively. Even though extremely low volumes of sample and solvent were used, the extraction method was selective and the detection and quantification limits were between 5.0 and 10.0 microg L(-1), and 17.0 and 33.0 microg L(-1), respectively.
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