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Related Concept Videos

Voltage-gated Ion Channels01:26

Voltage-gated Ion Channels

Voltage-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential. They are present on the membranes of all electrically excitable cells such as neurons, heart, and muscle cells.
Generally, all voltage-gated ion channels have a 'voltage-sensing domain' that spans the lipid bilayer. The charged residues in the sensor move in response to the membrane potential changes that open the channel allowing ions movement. There are several types of...
Voltage-gated Ion Channels01:26

Voltage-gated Ion Channels

Voltage-gated ion channels are transmembrane proteins that open and close in response to changes in the membrane potential. They are present on the membranes of all electrically excitable cells such as neurons, heart, and muscle cells.
Generally, all voltage-gated ion channels have a 'voltage-sensing domain' that spans the lipid bilayer. The charged residues in the sensor move in response to the membrane potential changes that open the channel allowing ions movement. There are several types of...
Ion Channels01:19

Ion Channels

The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
Ion channels are specialized integral membrane proteins on the plasma membrane that allow specific...
Resting Membrane Potential01:24

Resting Membrane Potential

The relative difference in electrical charge, or voltage, between the inside and the outside of a cell membrane, is called the membrane potential. It is generated by differences in permeability of the membrane to various ions and the concentrations of these ions across the membrane.
The Inside of a Neuron is More Negative
The membrane potential of a cell can be measured by inserting a microelectrode into a cell and comparing the charge to a reference electrode in the extracellular fluid. The...
Resting Membrane Potential01:24

Resting Membrane Potential

The relative difference in electrical charge, or voltage, between the inside and the outside of a cell membrane, is called the membrane potential. It is generated by differences in permeability of the membrane to various ions and the concentrations of these ions across the membrane.
The Inside of a Neuron is More Negative
The membrane potential of a cell can be measured by inserting a microelectrode into a cell and comparing the charge to a reference electrode in the extracellular fluid. The...
Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods01:17

Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods

Controlled-potential coulometry, also known as potentiostatic coulometry, employs a three-electrode system in which the working electrode's potential is precisely regulated using a potentiostat. Platinum working electrodes are utilized for positive potentials, while mercury pool electrodes are favored for extremely negative potentials. The platinum counter electrode is separated from the analyte using a membrane or salt bridge to avoid interference in the analysis.
The chosen potential ensures...

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Fast Micro-iontophoresis of Glutamate and GABA: A Useful Tool to Investigate Synaptic Integration
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Published on: July 31, 2013

Constant voltage 'Iron'tophoresis.

Siva Ram Kiran Vaka1, H N Shivakumar, S Narasimha Murthy

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutics, The University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA.

Pharmaceutical Development and Technology
|June 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Transdermal iron delivery shows promise as a needle-free alternative. Electrically-mediated techniques significantly enhance ferric pyrophosphate (FPP) transport across the skin.

Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Biotechnology
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Parenteral iron administration is common but invasive.
  • Transdermal drug delivery offers a needle-free alternative.
  • Efficient transdermal iron delivery remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the feasibility of rapid transdermal iron administration.
  • To investigate ferric pyrophosphate (FPP) delivery through porcine epidermis.
  • To evaluate chemical and physical enhancement techniques for transdermal transport.

Main Methods:

  • In vitro studies using porcine epidermis in Franz diffusion cells.
  • Assessment of chemical permeation enhancers.
  • Application of physical techniques: iontophoresis, electroporation, and combined methods.

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Real-time Iontophoresis with Tetramethylammonium to Quantify Volume Fraction and Tortuosity of Brain Extracellular Space
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Microiontophoresis and Micromanipulation for Intravital Fluorescence Imaging of the Microcirculation
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Microiontophoresis and Micromanipulation for Intravital Fluorescence Imaging of the Microcirculation

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Published on: July 31, 2013

Real-time Iontophoresis with Tetramethylammonium to Quantify Volume Fraction and Tortuosity of Brain Extracellular Space
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  • Measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) and electrical resistance to assess skin barrier integrity.

    • Main Results:

    • Chemical enhancers did not significantly improve FPP permeation (P > 0.05).
    • Electroporation followed by constant voltage iontophoresis (0.5-4 V for 30 min) enhanced FPP delivery 2- to 42-fold compared to control.
    • Electrically-mediated techniques showed potential for transdermal iron delivery without significant barrier disruption.

    Conclusions:

    • Electrically-mediated techniques, particularly combined electroporation and iontophoresis, are effective for transdermal iron delivery.
    • This approach offers a viable alternative to parenteral iron administration.
    • Further research may lead to needle-free iron supplementation therapies.