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Related Concept Videos

Standing Waves01:17

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Sometimes waves do not seem to move; rather, they just vibrate in place. Unmoving waves can be seen on the surface of a glass of milk kept in a refrigerator, which is one example of standing waves. Vibrations from the refrigerator motor create waves on the milk that oscillate up and down but do not seem to move across the surface. These waves are formed or created by the superposition of two or more identical moving waves in opposite directions. The waves move through each other, with their...
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A bond is formed between two atoms by sharing two electrons. When this bond is broken by supplying sufficient energy, either two electrons can be taken up by one atom forming ions by the cleavage called heterolysis, or the two electrons are shared by two atoms, with one each creating radicals by the cleavage called homolysis.
Hess's Law03:40

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¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Deuterium (²H) Substitution00:48

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Developing Photosensitizer-Cobaloxime Hybrids for Solar-Driven H2 Production in Aqueous Aerobic Conditions
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High-harmonic generation in H2O.

M C H Wong1, J-P Brichta, V R Bhardwaj

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, 150 Louis Pasteur, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Optics Letters
|June 16, 2010
PubMed
Summary

We achieved high-harmonic generation in water (H2O) using laser pulses, producing high-energy photons. Molecular orbital symmetry in H2O suppressed ionization, extending the harmonic cutoff compared to Xenon.

Area of Science:

  • Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
  • Quantum Optics
  • Laser Physics

Background:

  • High-harmonic generation (HHG) is a crucial nonlinear optical process for generating coherent extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and soft X-ray radiation.
  • Understanding the influence of molecular properties, such as orbital symmetry, on HHG is essential for controlling and optimizing X-ray light sources.
  • Water (H2O) presents a unique molecular target due to its distinct electronic structure and potential for attosecond pulse generation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate high-harmonic generation (HHG) in water (H2O) molecules using different laser wavelengths (800 nm and 1300 nm).
  • To characterize the generated harmonic spectra and determine the maximum achievable photon energies.
  • To compare the HHG properties of H2O with Xenon (Xe) to understand the role of molecular orbital symmetry in ionization suppression.

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Main Methods:

  • Utilizing intense laser pulses at 800 nm and 1300 nm with intensities up to 5x10^14 W/cm^2.
  • Performing high-harmonic generation experiments in a gaseous H2O medium.
  • Optimizing phase-matching conditions to maximize harmonic emission.
  • Analyzing the resulting harmonic spectra and comparing them with spectra obtained from Xenon under similar conditions.

Main Results:

  • Successfully demonstrated high-harmonic generation in H2O using both 800 nm and 1300 nm laser pulses.
  • Achieved photon energies up to approximately 60 eV with 800 nm and 87 eV with 1300 nm light under optimal phase-matching.
  • Observed a significant extension of the harmonic cutoff region in H2O compared to Xe, indicating suppressed ionization.
  • Attributed the extended cutoff to the specific molecular orbital symmetry of H2O.

Conclusions:

  • High-harmonic generation in H2O is feasible and can produce high-energy photons.
  • Molecular orbital symmetry in H2O plays a critical role in suppressing ionization, leading to an extended harmonic cutoff.
  • These findings highlight the potential of using molecules like H2O for generating advanced light sources with tailored properties.