Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 12, 2026

07:28
Evolution of Staircase Structures in Diffusive Convection
Published on: September 5, 2018
Inversion for range-dependent water column sound speed profiles on the New Jersey shelf using a linearized
Megan S Ballard1, Kyle M Becker
1Applied Research Laboratories, University of Texas at Austin, Texas 78758, USA. meganb@arlut.utexas.edu
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|June 17, 2010
Summary
This study estimates underwater sound speed profiles in New Jersey
Area of Science:
- Oceanography
- Acoustics
- Geophysics
Background:
- The New Jersey shelf experiences variable water properties due to continental slope intrusions.
- These variations impact sound speed profiles and shallow water acoustic propagation.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop a method for estimating range-dependent sound speed profiles.
- To improve acoustic propagation modeling in dynamic shallow water environments.
Main Methods:
- Linearized perturbative inverse technique using horizontal wave numbers.
- Application of approximate equality constraints to stabilize solutions.
Main Results:
- The technique estimates range-dependent sound speed profiles.
- Constraints mitigate solution deviations caused by data insensitivity.
Conclusions:
- The method provides a viable approach for characterizing shallow water sound speed.
- Constrained inverse techniques enhance the reliability of acoustic environmental estimations.
Related Concept Videos
Deriving the Speed of Sound in a Liquid
As with waves on a string, the speed of sound or a mechanical wave in a fluid depends on the fluid's elastic modulus and inertia. The two relevant physical quantities are the bulk modulus and the density of the material. Indeed, it turns out that the relationship between speed and the bulk modulus and density in fluids is the same as that between the speed and the Young's modulus and density in solids.
The speed of sound in fluids can be derived by considering a mechanical wave propagating...
The speed of sound in fluids can be derived by considering a mechanical wave propagating...
Influence of Earth's Curvature and Atmospheric Refraction on Leveling
During leveling, the Earth's curvature and atmospheric refraction introduce deviations in the line of sight from a true horizontal reference. When the line of sight is leveled, it remains perpendicular to the plumb line only at a single point. Beyond this, it deviates due to the Earth’s curvature, represented by the correction C. For a sight distance D, the deviation can be derived using the relationship:This relationship shows that the deviation increases quadratically with distance. Over a...
Speed of Sound in Solids and Liquids
Most solids and liquids are incompressible—their densities remain constant throughout. In the presence of an external force, the molecules tend to restore to their original positions, which is only possible because the constituents interact. The interactions help the constituents pass on information about external disturbances, like sound waves. Therefore, sound waves travel faster through these media. Compared to solids, the constituents in a liquid are less tightly bound. Thus, sound waves...
Standing Waves in a Cavity
A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
Newtonian Fluid: Problem Solving
Newtonian fluids exhibit a constant viscosity, meaning their shear stress and shear strain rate are directly proportional. This property ensures a predictable and stable response to applied forces, maintaining a linear relationship between force and flow. Examples include water, air, and light oils, consistently demonstrating this proportional behavior regardless of external conditions.
A velocity gradient forms within the fluid when a Newtonian fluid is placed between two parallel plates, with...
A velocity gradient forms within the fluid when a Newtonian fluid is placed between two parallel plates, with...
Bernoulli's Equation for Flow Along a Streamline
Bernoulli's equation relates the energy conservation in a fluid moving along a streamline. The equation applies to incompressible and inviscid fluids under steady flow. For such a flow, Newton's second law is applied to a small fluid element, which experiences forces due to pressure differences, gravity, and velocity variations. The force balance leads to the following form of Bernoulli's equation:

