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Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...
What is the Skeletal System?01:02

What is the Skeletal System?

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Trabecular Bone Microarchitecture Evaluation in an Osteoporosis Mouse Model
06:59

Trabecular Bone Microarchitecture Evaluation in an Osteoporosis Mouse Model

Published on: September 8, 2023

Osteoporosis in multiple sclerosis.

Andrew P Hearn1, Eli Silber

  • 1Kings College London, School of Medicine, London, UK.

Multiple Sclerosis (Houndmills, Basingstoke, England)
|June 17, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Osteoporosis is common in multiple sclerosis patients, with risk factors stemming from the disease itself, not just medication. This review proposes new screening and treatment guidelines for this high-risk group.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Endocrinology
  • Bone Metabolism

Background:

  • Osteoporosis causes significant morbidity and mortality globally.
  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients have reduced mobility and are prone to falls.
  • Glucocorticoid use and immobility are established osteoporosis risk factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the prevalence, risk factors, and mechanisms of osteoporosis in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients.
  • To evaluate existing osteoporosis management guidelines for the general population.
  • To propose evidence-based guidelines for managing osteoporosis in MS patients.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on bone mineral density in MS patients.
  • Analysis of risk factors, including disease process and medication use.

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Semiautomated Longitudinal Microcomputed Tomography-based Quantitative Structural Analysis of a Nude Rat Osteoporosis-related Vertebral Fracture Model
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Semiautomated Longitudinal Microcomputed Tomography-based Quantitative Structural Analysis of a Nude Rat Osteoporosis-related Vertebral Fracture Model

Published on: September 28, 2017

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Trabecular Bone Microarchitecture Evaluation in an Osteoporosis Mouse Model
06:59

Trabecular Bone Microarchitecture Evaluation in an Osteoporosis Mouse Model

Published on: September 8, 2023

Semiautomated Longitudinal Microcomputed Tomography-based Quantitative Structural Analysis of a Nude Rat Osteoporosis-related Vertebral Fracture Model
07:12

Semiautomated Longitudinal Microcomputed Tomography-based Quantitative Structural Analysis of a Nude Rat Osteoporosis-related Vertebral Fracture Model

Published on: September 28, 2017

  • Synthesis of general osteoporosis guidelines for adaptation to MS.

    • Main Results:

    • Multiple studies confirm significantly reduced bone mineral density in MS patients.
    • Key risk factors for osteoporosis in MS appear to be intrinsic to the disease process, not glucocorticoid use.
    • No current guidelines exist for osteoporosis management specifically in MS patients.

    Conclusions:

    • MS patients have a high risk of osteoporosis, necessitating specific management strategies.
    • Proposed screening and treatment algorithm addresses the unique needs of MS patients.
    • Further research and consensus are needed for optimal osteoporosis care in MS.