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Related Concept Videos

Cell-mediated Immune Responses01:40

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Overview
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
Hybridoma Technology01:31

Hybridoma Technology

Hybridoma technology is used for the large-scale production of monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies bind to only a single antigenic determinant or epitope. Such antibodies are used in research, diagnostics, and disease therapy. The hybridoma technology established in 1975 by Georges Köhler and Cesar Milstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1984 for revolutionizing research and therapy.
Hybridoma Selection
Commonly used fusion techniques — electroporation, polyethylene glycol...
Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade
11:55

Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade

Published on: March 14, 2011

Programmed to direct alloimmunity.

Sundararaman Swaminathan1

  • 1Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Little Rock, Arkansas 72211, USA. sswaminathan@uams.edu

Kidney International
|June 17, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Following organ transplants, the body must balance immunity and tolerance. Programmed death-1 (PD-1) on kidney cells helps regulate immune responses to foreign tissues, promoting transplant acceptance.

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade
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Generation of Human Alloantigen-specific T Cells from Peripheral Blood

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Transplantation Biology
  • Renal Medicine

Background:

  • Allograft placement necessitates a complex immune response to foreign antigens.
  • Achieving organ tolerance requires balancing immunity against infection/cancer with acceptance of the graft.
  • Non-professional antigen-presenting cells, like renal tubular epithelium, play a role in immune regulation.

Discussion:

  • Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligands are crucial for immune modulation after transplantation.
  • Expression of PD-1 on renal tubular cells can downregulate allogeneic T-cell responses.
  • This mechanism is vital for preventing graft rejection and maintaining long-term organ function.

Key Insights:

  • PD-1 signaling on non-professional antigen-presenting cells contributes to immune tolerance.
  • Targeting PD-1 pathways may enhance allograft acceptance.
  • Renal tubular epithelium acts as an immune regulatory site.

Outlook:

  • Further research into PD-1's role could lead to novel immunosuppressive strategies.
  • Understanding this pathway may improve outcomes for organ transplant recipients.
  • Exploring therapeutic interventions based on PD-1/ligand interactions is promising.