Simple fluorescence assay for quantification of OSCS in heparin

In 2008, heparin contaminated with oversulfated chondroitin sulfate (OSCS) penetrated the worldwide market and was associated with severe adverse effects. Feasible and reliable methods to test heparin for adulteration are needed. The objective was to develop a simple approach based on a microplate assay for quantification of heparin and sulfated glycans using the fluorescent heparin sensor polymer-H (polymer-H assay). However, both heparin and OSCS concentration-dependently increase the fluorescence intensity (FI) of polymer-H, so that OSCS in heparin cannot be detected. The idea was a two-step procedure including, first, separation of heparin by degradation with heparinase I, and then measurement of the remaining OSCS. To achieve complete heparin (unfractionated heparin (UFH), enoxaparin) degradation, several conditions (e.g. incubation time and heparinase I concentration) were optimized by using the aXa assay for monitoring. Defined UFH/OSCS mixtures incubated in this way showed a concentration-dependent FI increase in the polymer-H assay (λ ((em)) 330 nm, λ ((ex)) 510 nm). The sensitivity was unexpectedly high with an LOD/LOQ of 0.5%/0.6% OSCS content in heparin. Further experiments testing UFH/OSCS mixtures in the aXa assay confirmed our hypothesis: OSCS inhibits heparinase I resulting in incomplete heparin degradation and thus an additional FI increase of polymer-H by intact heparin. This two-step microplate fluorescence assay is a sensitive, rapid, and simple method for quantification of OSCS in heparin. In contrast with (1)H NMR and CE, neither expensive equipment nor much experience are required. It could be applied not only in the quality control of heparin, but also in clinical practice, to check the applied heparin preparation when a patient suffers any adverse effect.