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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State01:21

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State, or HHS, is a serious and life-threatening complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus. It is characterized by three main features: severe hyperglycemia, profound dehydration, and elevated serum osmolality, all occurring without significant ketoacidosis.HHS typically develops in older adults or individuals with limited access to fluids. This may result from illness, cognitive impairment, or medications such as diuretics or corticosteroids. These factors reduce...
Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction01:25

Diabetic Ketoacidosis l: Introduction

DefinitionDiabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute, life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, characterized by a triad of hyperglycemia (blood glucose >250 mg/dL), ketonemia or ketonuria, and metabolic acidosis (arterial pH <7.30 and serum bicarbonate <18 mEq/L). It results from insulin deficiency combined with elevated levels of counterregulatory hormones—glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, and growth hormone—leading to increased lipolysis, hepatic ketone production, and...
Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...

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Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice
07:35

Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice

Published on: January 26, 2024

Describing hypoglycemia--definition or operational threshold?

Paul J Rozance1, William W Hay

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA.

Early Human Development
|June 18, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Severe glucose deficiency can cause serious health issues in infants. Prompt identification of at-risk infants, early feeding, and frequent glucose monitoring are crucial for preventing complications.

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Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)
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Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)

Published on: January 7, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal physiology
  • Pediatric endocrinology
  • Metabolic disorders

Background:

  • Glucose is vital for organ function, and deficiency can lead to severe complications.
  • While term infants manage glucose well, preterm and growth-restricted infants are vulnerable.
  • Plasma glucose levels alone are insufficient to guide management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the risks of glucose deficiency in vulnerable infants.
  • To outline strategies for preventing and managing glucose deficiency in neonates.

Main Methods:

  • Review of physiological mechanisms of glucose metabolism in neonates.
  • Analysis of risk factors for glucose deficiency.
  • Discussion of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.

Main Results:

  • Glucose deficiency impacts the brain, heart, and muscles, impairing overall function.
  • Preterm and growth-restricted infants require careful glucose management.
  • Early and frequent milk feedings are essential for glucose homeostasis.

Conclusions:

  • Identifying at-risk infants is key to preventing glucose deficiency complications.
  • Early and frequent feedings, alongside vigilant glucose monitoring and prompt treatment, are critical.
  • A comprehensive approach is necessary to ensure adequate glucose delivery to all organs in vulnerable neonates.