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Related Concept Videos

Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

Determination of Crystal Structures

In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects01:25

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Point, Line and Plane Defects

A perfect crystal, in theory, has a uniform structure with the same unit cell and lattice points throughout. However, any deviation from this periodic arrangement is known as an imperfection or defect. These defects can be categorized into three types: point, line, and plane defects.Point defects occur when there is a deviation from the ideal due to missing atoms, displaced atoms, or additional atoms. These imperfections might occur due to imperfect packing during crystallization or because of...
Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects01:26

Imperfections in Crystal Structure: Stoichiometric Point Defects

Schottky defects arise when some lattice points in a crystal, such as those in NaCl, remain unoccupied, creating lattice vacancies without disturbing the overall electrical neutrality of the crystal. This defect is common in ionic crystals where the positive and negative ions are similar in size, as seen in sodium chloride and cesium chloride. The presence of Schottky defects enables the crystal to conduct electricity to a small extent through an ionic mechanism. Electric fields cause nearby...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...

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Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths
11:34

Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths

Published on: July 1, 2019

Light scattering by randomly oriented crystals.

K Muinonen, K Lumme, J Peltoniemi

    Applied Optics
    |June 18, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study computes light scattering properties of small, randomly oriented crystals using geometric ray tracing. Findings apply to planetary rings, regoliths, and atmospheric halos, explaining phenomena like opposition spikes.

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    Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

    Scattering And Absorption of Light in Planetary Regoliths
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    Published on: July 1, 2019

    Microfluidic Chips for In Situ Crystal X-ray Diffraction and In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering for Serial Crystallography
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    Growing Protein Crystals with Distinct Dimensions Using Automated Crystallization Coupled with In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering
    09:15

    Growing Protein Crystals with Distinct Dimensions Using Automated Crystallization Coupled with In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering

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    Area of Science:

    • Physics
    • Astronomy
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Light scattering by small particles is crucial for understanding planetary atmospheres and regoliths.
    • Previous models often simplified particle shapes and optical properties.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To compute the scattering phase function and linear polarization for randomly oriented, homogeneous, and isotropic crystals.
    • To investigate the influence of crystal size and shape distributions on light scattering.
    • To develop a physical optics correction for geometric optics models.

    Main Methods:

    • Geometric ray tracing theory was employed for calculations.
    • Computations were performed for various main crystal geometries.
    • A scalar physical optics correction was developed.
    • Averaging over crystal size and shape distributions was conducted.

    Main Results:

    • Scattering phase functions and polarization degrees were computed for different crystal geometries.
    • The study examined general light scattering properties of sharp-edged particles.
    • A physical optics correction improved geometric optics phase functions.
    • Results are applicable to diverse celestial bodies and atmospheric phenomena.

    Conclusions:

    • The geometric ray tracing theory provides insights into light scattering by small crystals.
    • Findings have implications for understanding light scattering in regoliths, planetary rings, and atmospheric halos.
    • Retroreflecting crystals in regoliths can explain the opposition spike phenomenon observed in satellites.