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Related Concept Videos

Thermal Strain01:19

Thermal Strain

Thermal strain is a concept that arises when we consider how temperature changes affect structures. Unlike the conventional assumption that structures remain constant under load, real-world scenarios often involve temperature fluctuations that can significantly impact these structures. Consider a homogeneous rod with a uniform cross-section resting freely on a flat horizontal surface. If the rod's temperature increases, the rod elongates. This elongation is proportional to the temperature...
Thermal Expansion01:22

Thermal Expansion

The expansion of alcohol in a thermometer is one of many commonly encountered examples of thermal expansion, which is the change in size or volume of a given system as its temperature changes. The most visible example is the expansion of hot air. When air is heated, it expands and becomes less dense than the surrounding air, which then exerts an upward force on the hot air to, for example, make steam and smoke rise, and hot air balloons float. The same behavior happens in all liquids and gases,...
IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration01:16

IR Spectroscopy: Hooke's Law Approximation of Molecular Vibration

A covalently bonded heteronuclear diatomic molecule can be modeled as two vibrating masses connected by a spring. The vibrational frequency of the bond can be expressed using an equation derived from Hooke's law, which describes how the force applied to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the displacement of the spring. In this case, the atoms behave like masses, and the bond acts like a spring.
According to Hooke's law, the vibrational frequency is directly proportional to the...
Space-Time Curvature and the General Theory of Relativity01:17

Space-Time Curvature and the General Theory of Relativity

In 1905, Albert Einstein published his special theory of relativity. According to this theory, no matter in the universe can attain a speed greater than the speed of light in a vacuum, which thus serves as the speed limit of the universe.
This has been verified in many experiments. However, space and time are no longer absolute. Two observers moving relative to one another do not agree on the length of objects or the passage of time. The mechanics of objects based on Newton's laws of motion,...
Measurements of Strain01:27

Measurements of Strain

Strain quantifies the deformation of a material under force, typically measured as normal strain, which represents the change in length when compared with the original length. Electrical strain gauges are used for enhanced accuracy. These devices consist of a conductive wire mounted on a paper backing that adheres to the material's surface. These gauges operate on the piezoresistive effect, where the wire's electrical resistance changes in response to mechanical deformation. The strain gauge...
Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving01:27

Thermal expansion and Thermal stress: Problem Solving

San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge is exposed to temperatures ranging from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span of the bridge is 1275 m long. Assuming that the bridge is made entirely of steel, what is the change in its length between these temperatures?
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Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Uncovering Hidden Dynamics of Natural Photonic Structures Using Holographic Imaging
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Thermal expansion tensor measurement by holographic interferometry.

M Balbás, D Fraile, F Gascón

    Applied Optics
    |June 18, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers measured material displacement caused by heat using holography. This allowed for the calculation of the thermal expansion tensor in anisotropic materials.

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Solid Mechanics
    • Optics

    Background:

    • Thermal expansion is a fundamental property of materials, describing their tendency to change volume in response to temperature variations.
    • Anisotropic materials exhibit direction-dependent properties, making their thermal expansion complex to characterize.
    • Accurate measurement of thermal expansion is crucial for engineering applications involving temperature fluctuations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To measure the in-plane displacement of three perpendicular flat plates subjected to a uniform temperature increase.
    • To utilize holographic interferometry for precise, non-contact measurement of thermally induced deformations.
    • To determine the thermal expansion tensor of an anisotropic material from the measured displacements.

    Main Methods:

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    • Double exposure holographic interferometry was employed to capture displacement fields.
    • Interferometric fringes were analyzed to quantify the deformation of the flat plates.
    • Calculations were performed to derive the components of the thermal expansion tensor.

    Main Results:

    • The displacement on the plane of the plates was successfully measured.
    • The thermal expansion tensor was calculated based on the experimental displacement data.
    • The anisotropic nature of the material's thermal response was quantified.

    Conclusions:

    • Double exposure holography is an effective technique for measuring thermal displacements in anisotropic materials.
    • The determined thermal expansion tensor provides critical data for predicting material behavior under thermal stress.
    • This study demonstrates a method for characterizing complex thermal expansion in advanced materials.