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Metabolism of Chemolithotrophs

Metabolism of Chemolithotrophs

Chemolithotrophs are microorganisms that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules such as hydrogen gas (H₂), ammonia (NH₃), reduced sulfur compounds (H₂S, S²⁻), and ferrous iron (Fe²⁺). Unlike heterotrophic organisms that rely on organic carbon, chemolithotrophs transfer electrons from these inorganic donors to the electron transport chain (ETC), generating a proton motive force (PMF) that drives ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation. However, because inorganic electron donors...

Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Enamine Formation Mechanism

Aldehydes and Ketones with Amines: Enamine Formation Mechanism

Enamine formation involves the addition of carbonyl compounds to a secondary amine through a series of reactions. The mechanism begins with the generation of carbinolamine, a nucleophilic attack followed by several proton transfer reactions. The hydroxyl group of the carbinolamine is converted into water to make a better leaving group that can push the reaction forward by eliminating a water molecule. In enamine formation, the last step involves the abstraction of a proton from the α carbon to...

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

Preparation of Amines: Reduction of Oximes and Nitro Compounds

Oximes can be reduced to primary amines using catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, or sodium metal reduction. The reduction of aliphatic and aromatic nitro compounds to primary amines takes place by either catalytic hydrogenation or by using active metals like Fe, Zn, and Sn in the presence of an acid.
Though catalytic hydrogenation can reduce nitrobenzenes, the reduction is nonselective in the presence of other functional groups. For instance, if nitrobenzene contains an aldehyde group,...

Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones

Preparation of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes and Ketones

Carbonyl compounds and primary amines undergo reductive amination first to produce imines, followed by secondary amines in the same reaction mixture, using selective reducing agents like sodium cyanoborohydride or sodium triacetoxyborohydride. Reductive amination produces different degrees of substitution of amines depending on the starting amine substrate.

Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Amides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Amides can undergo either acid-catalyzed hydrolysis or base-promoted hydrolysis through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. Each hydrolysis requires severe conditions.
Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis:
Hydrolysis of amides under acidic conditions yields carboxylic acids. Since the reaction occurs slowly, hydrolysis requires the conditions of heat.
The mechanism begins with the protonation of the carbonyl oxygen by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the amide carbonyl carbon more...

Amines to Alkenes: Hofmann Elimination

Amines to Alkenes: Hofmann Elimination

Alkenes can be obtained from amines via an E2 elimination. The amine is first converted into a good leaving group, such as a quaternary ammonium salt. This is accomplished by treating the amine with an excess of alkyl halide, which results in a halide salt. Next, the halide salt is transformed into a hydroxide salt that functions as a base to enable elimination.
Under thermal conditions, the hydroxide can abstract a proton from the β carbon; this generates an alkene with the simultaneous...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on ¹⁴NH₄⁺/¹⁵NH₄⁺ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N₂O

Published on: October 7, 2020

[Hydroxylamine conversion by anammox enrichment].

Anhui Hu¹, Ping Zheng, Huifeng Lu

¹Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310029, China. hu_anhui@126.com

Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao = Acta Microbiologica Sinica

|June 22, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Anammox enrichment efficiently converts hydroxylamine and nitrite, key intermediates in anammox processes. Higher hydroxylamine concentrations significantly boost conversion rates, leading to increased ammonia accumulation.

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Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on ¹⁴NH₄⁺/¹⁵NH₄⁺ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N₂O

Published on: October 7, 2020

Workflow Based on the Combination of Isotopic Tracer Experiments to Investigate Microbial Metabolism of Multiple Nutrient Sources

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Published on: January 22, 2018

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery

Published on: January 22, 2015

Area of Science:

Environmental microbiology
Biogeochemical cycles
Wastewater treatment

Context:

Anammox (anaerobic ammonium oxidation) is a crucial process in the nitrogen cycle.
Hydroxylamine is a key intermediate in anammox pathways.
Understanding hydroxylamine and nitrite conversion is vital for optimizing anammox processes.

Purpose:

To investigate the characteristics of hydroxylamine and nitrite conversion by anammox enrichment.
To determine the influence of substrate concentrations on conversion rates and intermediate product accumulation.

Summary:

Anammox enrichment cultures demonstrated simultaneous conversion of hydroxylamine and nitrite.
Hydroxylamine conversion rates were higher than ammonia conversion rates.
Increased hydroxylamine concentration significantly enhanced conversion rates and ammonia accumulation, while increased nitrite concentration had a lesser effect.

Impact:

Provides insights into the kinetics of hydroxylamine and nitrite conversion in anammox systems.
Contributes to the optimization of anammox-based wastewater treatment processes.
Validates existing models of anammox pathways.