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Related Concept Videos

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)

When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
Mass Spectrum01:23

Mass Spectrum

A mass spectrum is the graphical representation of the relative abundance of the charged fragments in an analyte plotted against their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). The plot's x-axis represents the ratio of the mass of the charged fragment to the number of charges it carries. The y axis of the plot represents the relative abundance of each charged species. The relative abundance is calculated from the signal intensity of each charged species recorded at the detector. The most intense signal (the...
NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction01:14

NMR Spectrometers: Resolution and Error Correction

When magnetic nuclei in a sample achieve resonance and undergo relaxation, the signal detected in NMR is an approximately exponential free induction decay. Fourier transform of an exponential decay yields a Lorentzian peak in the frequency domain. Lorentzian peaks in an NMR spectrum are defined by their amplitude, full width at half maximum, and position, where the peak width is governed by the spin-spin relaxation time alone. In real experiments, however, the applied magnetic field is rendered...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference01:30

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference

In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...
¹H NMR Signal Integration: Overview00:58

¹H NMR Signal Integration: Overview

The intensity of a signal, which can be represented by the area under the peak, depends on the number of protons contributing to that signal. The area under each peak is shown as a vertical line called an integral, with the integral value listed under it, as seen in the proton NMR spectrum of benzyl acetate. Each integral value is divided by the smallest integral value to obtain the ratio of the number of protons producing each signal. The ratio reveals the relative number of protons and not...
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Inductive Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

The protons in unsubstituted alkanes are strongly shielded with chemical shifts below 1.8 ppm. Methine, methylene, and methyl protons appear at approximately 1.7, 1.2 and 0.7 ppm, while the proton signal from methane appears at 0.23 ppm. An electronegative substituent, such as chlorine, withdraws the electron density from the protons, increasing their chemical shift. Progressive substitution of the hydrogens in methane by chlorine shifts the proton signals increasingly downfield, to 3.05 ppm in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Proton Transfer and Protein Conformation Dynamics in Photosensitive Proteins by Time-resolved Step-scan Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy
10:03

Proton Transfer and Protein Conformation Dynamics in Photosensitive Proteins by Time-resolved Step-scan Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy

Published on: June 27, 2014

Propane spectral resolution enhancement by the maximum entropy method.

N L Bonavito, K C Yeh, K P Stewart

    Applied Optics
    |June 22, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    The Burg algorithm for maximum entropy spectral estimation matches the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) spectral estimate for propane transmittance. Maximum entropy method (MEM) with fewer data samples achieved comparable resolution to FFT.

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    Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing
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    Proton Transfer and Protein Conformation Dynamics in Photosensitive Proteins by Time-resolved Step-scan Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy
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    10:42

    Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

    Published on: March 22, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Spectroscopy
    • Data Analysis

    Background:

    • Power spectral density estimation is crucial in analyzing time series data.
    • The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is a standard method, but its resolution can be limited by data sample size.
    • The Maximum Entropy Method (MEM) offers an alternative approach to spectral estimation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To compare the resolution capability of the Burg algorithm for MEM spectral estimation against the standard FFT.
    • To evaluate the performance of MEM using varying data sample lengths for spectral analysis.

    Main Methods:

    • Applied the Burg algorithm for MEM power spectral density estimation to Michelson interferometer data.
    • Estimated the propane transmittance spectrum using FFT with a 2(18)-data sample interferogram.
    • Compared MEM and FFT estimates over a 45 cm(-1) spectral region using increasing interferogram data lengths.

    Main Results:

    • The FFT estimate yielded a maximum unapodized resolution of 0.06 cm(-1).
    • The MEM estimate using 2(16) data samples closely agreed with the FFT estimate using 2(18) samples over the 45 cm(-1) region.
    • MEM demonstrated comparable spectral resolution to FFT with significantly fewer data points.

    Conclusions:

    • The Burg algorithm provides a viable and efficient alternative for high-resolution spectral estimation.
    • MEM can achieve high spectral resolution comparable to FFT, particularly with optimized data sample sizes.