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Related Concept Videos

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview01:23

Sedatives and Hypnotics: Overview

Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
Sedative-hypnotics are categorized into barbiturates, benzodiazepines (BZDs), and non-benzodiazepines or Z-drugs. These drugs work by suppressing central nervous system activity, and this suppression is dose-dependent. Older sedative medications, like barbiturates, follow a linear curve in...
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates01:20

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Barbiturates

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a drug class that acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to alleviate anxiety, promote relaxation and induce sleep.These drugs function by amplifying the actions of the neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resulting in reduced neuronal activity. Barbiturates, a subset of sedatives and hypnotics first synthesized in the late 1800s, are categorized into ultra-short, short, intermediate, and long-acting groups based on their duration of effect. A key...
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents01:17

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Miscellaneous Agents

Sedatives and hypnotics encompass a wide range of substances, each with its unique mechanism of action, uses, and potential adverse effects.
Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...

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[Oral sedation in pediatric outpatient dentistry].

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[THE USE OF VOLATILE AGENTS FOR SEDATION IN CHILDREN IN THE INTENSIVE CARE UNIT].

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[AIRWAY MANAGEMENT IN CHILDREN DURING RESECTION OF THE TONSILS].

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[Sedation with midazolam for ambulatory pediatric dentistry].

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
07:54

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

[Drug sedation in children and its estimation].

R A Nadbitova, V V Nikitin, M K Shtatnov

    Anesteziologiia I Reanimatologiia
    |June 23, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Monitoring the depth of sedation using Bispectral Index (BIS) is crucial for children in intensive care units receiving continuous intravenous drugs. BIS monitoring helps manage sedation effectively and prevent adverse effects during treatment.

    Area of Science:

    • Anesthesiology
    • Pediatric Critical Care
    • Pharmacology

    Context:

    • Children in intensive care units often require sedation for mechanical ventilation.
    • Continuous intravenous drug administration is common for managing severe conditions.
    • Assessing sedation depth is vital for patient safety and treatment efficacy.

    Purpose:

    • To define the depth of sedative effects during continuous intravenous drug co-administration in pediatric intensive care patients.
    • To evaluate the utility of Bispectral Index (BIS) monitoring for assessing sedation depth.
    • To compare BIS values with established clinical sedation scales (Ramsey, SAS, Comfort).

    Summary:

    • Sixty-eight pediatric patients (12-15 years) with severe abdominal processes on mechanical ventilation were studied.

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

    Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
    07:54

    Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

    Published on: December 6, 2016

  • Patients received combinations of sodium oxybutyrate or thiopental with promedole or fentanyl.
  • BIS values significantly decreased during drug administration, indicating a sedative effect, and correlated with clinical scales.

    • Impact:

    • BIS monitoring can be a valuable tool for assessing central nervous system performance during sedation in pediatric patients.
    • Effective sedation monitoring is necessary to prevent undesirable outcomes in critically ill children.
    • This study highlights the importance of objective measures like BIS in optimizing sedation therapy.