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Related Concept Videos

Flame Photometry: Overview01:02

Flame Photometry: Overview

Flame photometry, also known as flame emission spectrometry, is a technique used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements present in a sample using a flame as the source of excitation energy. The concept of flame photometry was realized in the early 1860s by Kirchhoff and Bunsen, who discovered that specific elements emit characteristic radiation when excited in flames. The first instrument developed for this purpose was used to measure sodium (Na) in plant ash using a Bunsen...
Flame Photometry: Lab01:16

Flame Photometry: Lab

In a flame photometer, when a solution like potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind dehydrated salt. This salt dissociates into free gaseous atoms in their ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame, leading to their excitation. The excited atoms return to the ground state, emitting photons at characteristic wavelengths. Because only electronic transitions are involved, the resulting emission lines are very narrow. The intensity...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference01:30

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Interference

In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...
Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy01:29

Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) is an analytical technique that involves the electronic transitions of atoms in a flame, furnace, or plasma being excited by electromagnetic (EM) radiation. When these atoms absorb energy, they become excited and subsequently release energy as they return to their original state. This emitted light, or "fluorescence," is observed at a right angle to the incident beam. Both absorption and emission processes transpire at distinct wavelengths, which are...
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.
Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy01:16

Confocal Fluorescence Microscopy

Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability to block the out-of-focus light from the illuminated samples using pinholes. It is widely used with fluorescence optics to obtain high-resolution, sharp contrast images. Unlike optical microscopes, confocal microscopes use a focused beam of light laser to scan the entire sample surface at different z-planes. These microscopes are, therefore,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Fluorescence detection methods for microfluidic droplet platforms
14:16

Fluorescence detection methods for microfluidic droplet platforms

Published on: December 10, 2011

Simultaneous multiple species detection in a flame using laser-induced fluorescence: Errata.

U Westblom, M Aldén

    Applied Optics
    |June 26, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study presents a laser-induced fluorescence technique for simultaneously detecting nitric oxide (NO), hydroxyl radicals (OH), and oxygen atoms (O) in flames. The method utilizes spectral coincidences for accurate, spatially resolved flame measurements.

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    Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

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    Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

    Published on: March 22, 2019

    Area of Science:

    • Combustion science
    • Laser spectroscopy
    • Chemical kinetics

    Background:

    • Accurate measurement of key radical species like nitric oxide (NO), hydroxyl radicals (OH), and oxygen atoms (O) is crucial for understanding flame chemistry and combustion processes.
    • Traditional methods for detecting these species can be complex and may not offer simultaneous, spatially resolved measurements.
    • Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) offers a sensitive and selective approach for in-situ species detection in reactive environments.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and demonstrate a novel laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) approach for the simultaneous detection of nitric oxide (NO), hydroxyl radicals (OH), and oxygen atoms (O) in flames.
    • To investigate the feasibility of performing spatially resolved measurements using a diode-array detector with this LIF technique.
    • To assess the potential of the developed method for studying laser-induced disturbances in flame environments.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a Nd:YAG-based laser system to generate a frequency-doubled beam at 287 nm and a frequency-mixed beam at 226 nm.
    • Exploited spectral coincidences between the generated laser wavelengths and the excitation spectra of NO, OH, and O.
    • Employed a diode-array detector for spatially resolved measurements of the fluorescence signals.

    Main Results:

    • Successfully demonstrated the simultaneous detection of NO, OH, and O in flame environments using the developed LIF technique.
    • Confirmed the capability of obtaining spatially resolved species concentration profiles.
    • Showcased the application of the technique in identifying and studying laser-induced disturbances.

    Conclusions:

    • The presented LIF technique provides a powerful tool for simultaneous, spatially resolved measurements of key flame species (NO, OH, O).
    • The method is effective in characterizing flame chemistry and can be used to study laser-matter interactions in combustion.
    • This approach offers significant advantages for combustion diagnostics and fundamental flame research.