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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Setup and Execution of the Rapid Cycle Deliberate Practice Death Notification Curriculum
04:36

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Published on: August 5, 2020

What makes distributed practice effective?

Aaron S Benjamin1, Jonathan Tullis

  • 1Department of Psychology and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, United States. ASBENJAM@ILLINOIS.EDU

Cognitive Psychology
|June 29, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Distributed practice enhances memory by providing multiple study opportunities. A new reminding model explains these benefits, addressing limitations of previous encoding variability theories.

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Using Visual and Narrative Methods to Achieve Fair Process in Clinical Care
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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience of Memory

Background:

  • Distributed practice, or spacing effect, significantly enhances memory retention.
  • Encoding variability theories posit contextual changes during study drive memory benefits.
  • These theories face challenges explaining phenomena like superadditivity and nonmonotonicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Critically review theories of distributed practice benefits based on encoding variability.
  • Propose and advocate for an alternative 'reminding model' of distributed practice.
  • Explain how the reminding model accounts for key memory phenomena.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and theoretical analysis of existing memory research.
  • Examination of empirical data on superadditivity and nonmonotonicity in distributed practice.
  • Comparison of predictions from encoding variability and reminding models.

Main Results:

  • Encoding variability theories struggle to explain superadditivity and nonmonotonicity.
  • The proposed reminding model successfully accounts for these problematic phenomena.
  • The reminding model offers a unified framework for understanding repetition and association effects.

Conclusions:

  • The interdependence of study events, not just their independence, is crucial for distributed practice benefits.
  • A reminding-based model provides a more robust explanation for the spacing effect in memory.
  • This framework unifies understanding of repetition, association, and spaced learning.