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Related Concept Videos

Flame Photometry: Lab01:16

Flame Photometry: Lab

In a flame photometer, when a solution like potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind dehydrated salt. This salt dissociates into free gaseous atoms in their ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame, leading to their excitation. The excited atoms return to the ground state, emitting photons at characteristic wavelengths. Because only electronic transitions are involved, the resulting emission lines are very narrow. The intensity...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources01:13

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Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) relies on the Beer-Lambert law, which requires that the radiation source emits a narrow range of wavelengths to match the absorption characteristics of the analyte atom. The primary criteria for choosing an appropriate radiation source in AAS is to provide a precise and intense emission at specific wavelengths that will allow accurate detection of the analyte.
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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
Flame Photometry: Overview01:02

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Flame photometry, also known as flame emission spectrometry, is a technique used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements present in a sample using a flame as the source of excitation energy. The concept of flame photometry was realized in the early 1860s by Kirchhoff and Bunsen, who discovered that specific elements emit characteristic radiation when excited in flames. The first instrument developed for this purpose was used to measure sodium (Na) in plant ash using a Bunsen...
Photoelectric Effect02:26

Photoelectric Effect

When light of a particular wavelength strikes a metal surface, electrons are emitted. This is called the photoelectric effect. The minimum frequency of light that can cause such emission of electrons is called the threshold frequency, which is specific to the metal. Light with a frequency lower than the threshold frequency, even if it is of high intensity, cannot initiate the emission of electrons. However, when the frequency is higher than the threshold value, the number of electrons ejected...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.

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Updated: Jun 11, 2026

In Situ Monitoring of the Accelerated Performance Degradation of Solar Cells and Modules: A Case Study for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells
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Carbon arc solar simulator.

R A Olson, J H Parker

    Applied Optics
    |June 29, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study characterizes a carbon arc solar simulator

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Radiometry
    • Solar Simulation Technology

    Background:

    • Accurate solar simulation is crucial for testing devices exposed to sunlight.
    • Carbon arc lamps are utilized for their solar-like spectral output.
    • Standardized spectral irradiance is essential for reproducible performance evaluations.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To measure and report the spatial, spectral, and temporal characteristics of a carbon arc solar simulator's beam irradiance.
    • To compare the simulator's spectral output against the ASTM standard AM 1.5 global solar spectrum.
    • To assess the simulator's suitability for laser receiver testing applications.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized a pyroelectric radiometer for total irradiance measurements.
    • Employed a spectroradiometer for detailed spectral irradiance analysis.
    • Compared measured spectral data against the ASTM AM 1.5 standard from 300-2500 nm.

    Main Results:

    • Detailed spatial, spectral, and temporal irradiance data were obtained for the carbon arc solar simulator.
    • The spectral irradiance of the simulator was quantified and compared to the ASTM AM 1.5 standard.
    • Deviations and similarities between the simulator's spectrum and the standard were identified.

    Conclusions:

    • The characterization provides essential data for understanding the performance of this carbon arc solar simulator.
    • The comparison with the ASTM standard highlights the simulator's spectral fidelity for specific applications.
    • The findings inform the suitability of the simulator for critical tasks such as laser receiver testing.