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Evaluating the Immune Response of a Nanoemulsion Adjuvant Vaccine Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) Infection
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Nanosized aluminum altered immune function.

Laura K Braydich-Stolle1, Janice L Speshock, Alicia Castle

  • 1Applied Biotechnology Branch, Human Effectiveness Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, USA.

ACS Nano
|July 3, 2010
PubMed
Summary
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Inhalation of aluminum nanoparticles (NPs) impairs lung macrophage function and alters immune responses to pathogens like Staphylococcus aureus, even at non-toxic concentrations.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental toxicology
  • Nanomaterial safety
  • Respiratory immunology

Background:

  • Aluminum nanoparticles (NPs) are used in jet fuels and munitions, leading to potential inhalation exposure.
  • NPs can penetrate deep into the lung's alveolar regions, necessitating studies in relevant lung microenvironments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of aluminum (Al) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) NPs on human alveolar macrophages (U937) and type II pneumocytes (A549) in a co-culture system.
  • To assess the impact of NP exposure on cellular function, specifically the response to Staphylococcus aureus infection.

Main Methods:

  • Co-culture of U937 and A549 cells in artificial lung surfactant to mimic the lung microenvironment.
  • Exposure to Al and Al2O3 NPs, followed by cell viability assays (MTS).

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  • Infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ca-MRSA) and assessment of phagocytosis, bacterial growth, gene expression (NF-kappaB, IL-6, TNF-alpha), and cytokine secretion (ELISA).

    • Main Results:

    • Mild toxicity observed at higher NP doses, with U937 cells being more affected than A549 cells.
    • NPs impaired macrophage phagocytic function against ca-MRSA.
    • NP exposure altered immune response activation, repressing the secretion of key cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1beta, TNF-alpha).

    Conclusions:

    • Aluminum and aluminum oxide nanoparticles do not exhibit significant toxicity to lung cells at benign concentrations.
    • Despite lack of toxicity, NPs impair the innate immune response of lung cells to respiratory pathogens.
    • NP inhalation poses a risk to lung defense mechanisms irrespective of NP composition.