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Ion Exchange

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic Crystal Structures

Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...

Structural Isomerism

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Synthesis of Triazole and Tetrazole-Functionalized Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Through Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange

Synthesis of Triazole and Tetrazole-Functionalized Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Through Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange

Published on: June 23, 2023

Nanoheterostructure cation exchange: anionic framework conservation.

Prashant K Jain¹, Lilac Amirav, Shaul Aloni

¹Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley California 94720, USA.

Journal of the American Chemical Society

|July 3, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Ionic nanocrystals undergo cation exchange, a process that preserves the anionic framework. This allows for postsynthetic modification of nanostructures, maintaining their size, shape, and interfaces.

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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Synthesis of Triazole and Tetrazole-Functionalized Zr-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks Through Post-Synthetic Ligand Exchange

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Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone

Merging Ion Concentration Polarization between Juxtaposed Ion Exchange Membranes to Block the Propagation of the Polarization Zone

Published on: February 23, 2017

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

Ionic nanocrystals can be chemically modified post-synthesis.
Cation exchange allows for altering nanocrystal composition while preserving size and shape.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate that the anionic framework of ionic nanocrystals is preserved during cation exchange.
To show that this anionic framework conservation is maintained in nanoheterostructures.
To explore the implications for designing complex nanostructures.

Main Methods:

Investigated cation exchange in ionic nanocrystals.
Applied cation exchange to CdSe/CdS nanoheterostructures, exchanging via Cu2Se/Cu2S intermediates.
Utilized excitonic features, Z-contrast imaging, and elemental line scans to analyze structural and compositional changes.

Main Results:

Confirmed that cation exchange preserves the anionic framework of ionic nanocrystals.
Demonstrated that compositional interfaces in nanoheterostructures are conserved during cation exchange.
Observed preservation of seed size and position in exchanged CdSe/CdS to PbSe/PbS nanorods.

Conclusions:

Anionic framework conservation is a key principle in cation exchange of ionic nanocrystals.
This phenomenon enables the precise modification of nanoheterostructures.
It expands the possibilities for designing complex nanomaterials with controlled interfaces.