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Related Concept Videos

Secondary Active Transport01:32

Secondary Active Transport

One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme "pump" embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine01:26

Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine

Complex carbohydrates consumed cannot be absorbed into the small intestine in their original form. First, they must be hydrolyzed to a monosaccharide form such as glucose or galactose. These monosaccharides are then transported across the intestinal membrane and into the blood via transcellular transport. The intestinal epithelial cells allow the movement of these monosaccharides with a defined 'entry' through membrane transporter proteins present on their apical membrane and 'exit' via the...
Fast Decoupled and DC Powerflow01:24

Fast Decoupled and DC Powerflow

The fast decoupled power flow method addresses contingencies in power system operations, such as generator outages or transmission line failures. This method provides quick power flow solutions, essential for real-time system adjustments. Fast decoupled power flow algorithms simplify the Jacobian matrix by neglecting certain elements, leading to two sets of decoupled equations:
Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 23, 2026

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

A fast generalizable solution method for glucose control algorithms.

C E Hann1, P Docherty, J G Chase

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand. Chris.Hann@canterbury.ac.nz

Mathematical Biosciences
|July 6, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Developing faster analytical methods for insulin-glucose models significantly reduces computational time for virtual patient trials. This accelerates the development of new model-based protocols for tight glucose control in critical care.

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Extracellular Glucose Depletion as an Indirect Measure of Glucose Uptake in Cells and Tissues Ex Vivo

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Computational Biology
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Tight glucose control in critical care improves patient outcomes.
  • Model-based decision support is crucial for optimizing glucose control and other therapies.
  • Current methods for developing new protocols are computationally intensive, hindering rapid advancement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop fast, analytical-based methods for insulin-glucose system models.
  • To create generalizable solutions applicable to similar biomedical systems.
  • To overcome computational limitations in developing model-based medical protocols.

Main Methods:

  • Exploiting model structure and partial solutions to derive accurate, fast solutions.
  • Developing analytical-based methods for insulin-glucose system modeling.
  • Rigorous comparison with existing standard numerical solutions.

Main Results:

  • Reduced computing time by factors of 5600-144000 for large virtual trials.
  • Achieved high accuracy within 0.2% compared to standard numerical solutions.
  • Enabled rapid development of new model-based protocols through extensive simulation.

Conclusions:

  • Fast analytical methods significantly accelerate the development and simulation of model-based medical protocols.
  • The developed methods are accurate and generalizable, offering a breakthrough for critical care decision support.
  • This advancement facilitates quicker optimization of patient treatment strategies in intensive care settings.