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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Brain Imaging Investigation of the Memory-Enhancing Effect of Emotion

Published on: May 4, 2011

Event-related rTMS at encoding affects differently deep and shallow memory traces.

Iglis Innocenti¹, Fabio Giovannelli, Massimo Cincotta

¹Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Sezione Neurologia, Università di Siena, Siena, Italy.

|July 6, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Deeply processing information, like analyzing word meaning, enhances memory recall. The left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is crucial for this semantic encoding effect, impacting memory consolidation.

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Neuroscience
Experimental Psychology

Background:

The "level of processing" effect shows deeper (semantic) encoding improves memory more than shallow (perceptual) encoding.
Neuroimaging and preliminary TMS studies suggest the left prefrontal cortex is involved in semantic processing and working memory.
It remains unclear if deep and shallow encoding use the same brain networks and how these networks contribute to the "level of processing" effect.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the brain areas causally involved in the "level of processing" effect.
To determine the specific role of the left prefrontal cortex in semantic versus perceptual encoding.
To understand the neural mechanisms underlying enhanced memory performance through deep encoding.

Main Methods:

Event-related repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was applied during word encoding (semantic vs. perceptual).
Participants encoded words using deep (semantic) or shallow (perceptual) processing.
Memory retrieval was tested after rTMS, with rTMS applied to the left DLPFC, right DLPFC, or a control vertex site.

Main Results:

rTMS applied to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) abolished the memory benefits of deep encoding, decreasing accuracy and increasing reaction times.
rTMS to the right DLPFC or the control vertex site did not affect memory performance.
Online measures confirmed semantic processing was unaffected during rTMS, suggesting the effect on memory occurred during consolidation.

Conclusions:

The left DLPFC plays a specific causal role in the "level of processing" effect.
This finding highlights the left DLPFC as a crucial node for improved memory performance induced by semantic processing.
The results suggest the left DLPFC is critical for memory consolidation processes following deep encoding.