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Related Concept Videos

Biofuels01:25

Biofuels

The microbial conversion of organic matter into biofuels holds potential as a renewable energy source. Among biofuel sources, microalgae are recognized as a highly efficient and adaptable feedstock for biodiesel production, owing to their rapid biomass accumulation, elevated lipid productivity, and capacity to proliferate in diverse aquatic systems, including freshwater, marine, and wastewater habitats. Unlike terrestrial crops, microalgae do not compete for land and can achieve significantly...
Bioplastics01:27

Bioplastics

Bioplastics derived from microbial processes present a sustainable alternative to conventional petroleum-based plastics. Among these, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), particularly polyhydroxybutyrates (PHBs), have emerged as prominent candidates due to their biodegradability and biocompatibility. These polymers are synthesized by a variety of bacteria, such as Cupriavidus necator and Pseudomonas putida, which naturally accumulate PHAs as intracellular carbon and energy reserves, especially under...
Fates of Pyruvate01:20

Fates of Pyruvate

Pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, simultaneously reducing NAD+ to NADH. Two molecules of ATP are also produced by substrate-level phosphorylation.
In aerobic organisms, pyruvate is metabolized via the citric acid cycle to produce reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are then oxidized in the electron transport chain to produce ATP and, in the process, regenerate the NAD+ and FAD. As seen in some cell types and organisms, fermentation...
Microbial Fuel Cells01:23

Microbial Fuel Cells

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) are bioelectrochemical devices that generate electricity by exploiting the metabolic processes of electrogenic bacteria. These systems provide a renewable energy source and serve as an innovative method for treating organic waste, such as wastewater.A typical MFC consists of two chambers: an anoxic (oxygen-free) compartment that houses the bacteria and an oxic (oxygen-rich) compartment that contains oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor. Many MFCs use proton...
Bioreactor Controls-III01:22

Bioreactor Controls-III

Strain improvement is a foundational strategy in industrial microbiology aimed at maximizing microbial productivity, particularly because natural isolates typically yield commercially valuable products in very low concentrations. Although optimizing the culture medium and environmental conditions can improve yields, these adjustments are inherently limited by the organism’s genetic potential. As a result, the focus shifts toward genetic modifications to enhance biosynthetic capacity. The...
Microbial Bioremediation of Hydrocarbons01:26

Microbial Bioremediation of Hydrocarbons

Bioremediation is an environmentally sustainable process that employs living organisms—primarily microorganisms—to degrade or neutralize pollutants from contaminated environments. In oil spills and hydrocarbon pollution, bioremediation involves the use of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria to transform toxic compounds into less harmful substances. This approach leverages natural microbial metabolic processes and is considered both cost-effective and ecologically favorable compared to physical or...

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Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Biomass Conversion to Produce Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuel Via Hot-vapor Filtered Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Hydrotreating
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Biomass Conversion to Produce Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuel Via Hot-vapor Filtered Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Hydrotreating

Published on: December 25, 2016

First generation biofuels compete.

Marshall A Martin1

  • 1Purdue University, 615 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN, USA. marshallmartin@purdue.edu

New Biotechnology
|July 6, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

High petroleum prices and biofuel mandates drove up corn prices, impacting global food costs. Economic shifts and biotechnology also influenced agricultural markets.

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Published on: September 2, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Economics
  • Energy Policy
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Rising petroleum prices (2005-2008) and the U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 spurred significant investment in U.S. ethanol production.
  • This led to a dramatic increase in corn demand and prices, creating a positive correlation with petroleum and food prices.
  • Global economic growth, a weaker U.S. dollar, and commodity market speculation further influenced grain and food prices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the complex interplay of factors affecting agricultural commodity prices.
  • To examine the impact of energy policies and economic conditions on the food supply chain.
  • To assess the role of biotechnology in the biofuel sector and agriculture.

Main Methods:

  • Correlation analysis between petroleum, corn, and food prices.
  • Examination of policy impacts (e.g., Renewable Fuel Standard).
  • Review of economic indicators and market trends.

Main Results:

  • A strong positive correlation was observed between petroleum, corn, and food prices, leading to consumer and producer concerns and international food riots.
  • Economic downturn from mid-2008 to mid-2009, characterized by falling petroleum prices and a strengthening U.S. dollar, resulted in a ~50% decline in agricultural commodity prices.
  • Biotechnology adoption, including insect-resistant corn and improved enzymes for ethanol production, has shown modest but positive impacts on efficiency and cost reduction.

Conclusions:

  • Energy policies and fluctuating petroleum prices significantly impact agricultural markets and global food security.
  • Economic cycles and currency fluctuations are critical drivers of commodity prices.
  • Biotechnology offers potential for optimizing biofuel production and agricultural practices, though its overall impact remains moderate.