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Related Concept Videos

Caspases01:24

Caspases

Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside cells.
The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size reduction of the tissue.
The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy01:22

Cellular Injury V: Apoptosis and Autophagy

Cells respond to damage and stress through highly coordinated processes that decide whether they survive or undergo controlled self-destruction. Two major pathways involved in this regulation are apoptosis, a type of programmed cell death, and autophagy, a survival mechanism that helps cells adapt to adverse conditions.ApoptosisApoptosis removes aged or injured cells to maintain tissue balance. During this process, the cell shrinks, chromatin condenses and fragments, and membrane-bound...
Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...

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Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis
12:55

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis

Published on: February 16, 2015

Proteases implicated in apoptosis: old and new.

Kelly L Moffitt1, S Lorraine Martin, Brian Walker

  • 1Biomolecular Sciences Group, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast BT97BL, Northern Ireland, UK. k.moffitt@qub.ac.uk

The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology
|July 9, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Serine proteases are emerging as key regulators of apoptosis, offering new therapeutic targets. This review highlights their role in programmed cell death and disease.

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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

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Published on: February 16, 2015

Exploring Caspase Mutations and Post-Translational Modification by Molecular Modeling Approaches
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Proteases play a crucial role in regulating cellular processes.
  • Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a vital cellular mechanism.
  • Caspases have been traditionally recognized as primary mediators of apoptosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of proteases involved in apoptosis.
  • To highlight the emerging role of serine proteases in apoptotic regulation.
  • To discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting proteases in disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of proteases and apoptosis.
  • Analysis of the role of serine proteases in apoptotic pathways.
  • Discussion of clinical implications and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Proteases are increasingly recognized for their role in apoptosis.
  • Serine proteases represent a significant, yet understudied, class of apoptotic regulators.
  • Dysregulation of apoptosis is linked to various disease states.

Conclusions:

  • The study of proteases, particularly serine proteases, is critical for understanding apoptosis.
  • Targeting proteases involved in apoptosis presents novel therapeutic opportunities.
  • Further research into serine protease function can lead to new treatments for diseases associated with aberrant apoptosis.