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Dialysis

Dialysis

Dialysis is a diffusion-based purification process that separates analyte molecules from a complex matrix. This is accomplished by allowing molecules in the solution to pass through a semipermeable membrane into a liquid on the other side. The membrane is usually made of cellulose acetate or cellulose nitrate, and the second liquid must be miscible with the solution. Ions (e.g., chloride or sodium) or organic molecules (e.g., glucose) can pass through the membrane pores, which generally have...

Dialysis

Dialysis

Renal failure occurs when the kidneys lose their ability to filter waste products from the blood effectively. It can be classified into two types: acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic renal failure (CRF).
Acute kidney injury develops suddenly and can be caused by pre-renal causes (e.g., hypovolemia, shock), intrinsic renal causes (e.g., acute tubular necrosis), or post-renal causes (e.g., urinary obstruction). In contrast, chronic renal failure progresses gradually over time and is often...

Peritoneal Dialysis I: Introduction and Procedure

Peritoneal Dialysis I: Introduction and Procedure

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a procedure that facilitates the exchange of solutes, waste products, electrolytes, and excess fluid between the blood in the peritoneal capillaries and a dialysis solution introduced into the peritoneal cavity.Principles of Peritoneal Dialysis (PD)Diffusion: Waste products such as urea and electrolytes move from high concentrations in the blood to low concentrations in the dialysate across the peritoneal membrane. This mechanism is driven by the concentration...

Hemodialysis II: Procedure and Complications

Hemodialysis II: Procedure and Complications

DialyzersA hemodialysis (HD) dialyzer is a plastic cartridge containing thousands of parallel hollow fibers, which serve as semipermeable membranes. These fibers are typically made from cellulose-based or other synthetic materials. During HD, blood is pumped into the top of the cartridge and distributed among these fibers. Simultaneously, dialysis fluid, known as dialysate, is introduced into the bottom of the cartridge, bathing the outside of the fibers. Across the semipermeable membrane,...

Hemodialysis I: Introduction

Hemodialysis I: Introduction

Hemodialysis (HD) is a medical treatment that artificially removes waste products, excess fluids, and toxins from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to perform these functions effectively. In this process, blood is filtered through a semipermeable membrane, allowing for the selective removal of waste while preserving necessary components like blood cells and proteins. Hemodialysis is typically performed in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or severe kidney...

Hemodialysis III: Nursing Management

Hemodialysis III: Nursing Management

The nursing management of a patient undergoing hemodialysis includes several critical steps, starting with a thorough assessment before the procedure.Before the Hemodialysis ProcedureFirst, record the patient's vital signs—blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature—to establish a baseline. This baseline is essential for detecting conditions such as hypotension that could impact the patient's response to dialysis. Document the patient's pre-dialysis weight, as this measurement...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Custom-made Microdialysis Probe Design

Custom-made Microdialysis Probe Design

Published on: July 21, 2015

Review: modelling the dialysate.

Lisa M Phipps¹, David C H Harris

¹Centre for Transplantation and Renal Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, Department of Renal Medicine, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. phipps.lisa@gmail.com

Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.)

|July 9, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Individualized dialysis fluid prescriptions, using modeling, aim to improve patient tolerance and outcomes. However, consistent benefits of this tailored approach are not yet proven across all constituents.

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Area of Science:

Nephrology
Biomedical Engineering
Clinical Chemistry

Background:

Dialysate prescription is advancing with new technologies enabling personalized adjustments.
The goal of dialysate modeling is to enhance dialysis tolerance and long-term patient results.
This personalized approach can be applied to both fluid and electrolyte management.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the application of individual prescription and modeling for dialysate constituents.
To examine the impact of tailored dialysate on patient outcomes and dialysis tolerance.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on individual dialysate prescription and modeling.
Analysis of approaches for tailoring dialysate sodium, ultrafiltrate, potassium, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, and phosphate.
Evaluation of the consistency of demonstrated benefits.

Main Results:

New technologies offer greater flexibility in altering dialysate composition.
Modeling aims to improve dialysis tolerability and long-term patient outcomes.
Consistent benefits of dialysate modeling have not been uniformly demonstrated across studies.

Conclusions:

Individualized dialysate prescriptions hold promise for improving dialysis care.
Further research is needed to consistently demonstrate the benefits of dialysate modeling.
The review highlights the evolving landscape of personalized dialysis fluid management.