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Related Concept Videos

Protein Folding01:22

Protein Folding

Overview
Protein Folding01:25

Protein Folding

Proteins are chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Upon synthesis, a protein folds into a three-dimensional conformation, critical to its biological function. Interactions between its constituent amino acids guide protein folding, and hence the protein structure is primarily dependent on its amino acid sequence.
Protein Structure Is Critical to Its Biological Function
Proteins perform a wide range of biological functions such as catalyzing chemical reactions, providing...
Protein Folding01:22

Protein Folding

Overview
Molecular Chaperones and Protein Folding03:00

Molecular Chaperones and Protein Folding

The native conformation of a protein is formed by interactions between the side chains of its constituent amino acids. When the amino acids cannot form these interactions, the protein cannot fold by itself and needs chaperones. Notably, chaperones do not relay any additional information required for the folding of polypeptides; the native conformation of a protein is determined solely by its amino acid sequence. Chaperones catalyze protein folding without being a part of the folded protein.
The...
Molecular Chaperones and Protein Folding03:00

Molecular Chaperones and Protein Folding

The native conformation of a protein is formed by interactions between the side chains of its constituent amino acids. When the amino acids cannot form these interactions, the protein cannot fold by itself and needs chaperones. Notably, chaperones do not relay any additional information required for the folding of polypeptides; the native conformation of a protein is determined solely by its amino acid sequence. Chaperones catalyze protein folding without being a part of the folded protein.
The...
Protein Folding Quality Check in the RER01:29

Protein Folding Quality Check in the RER

ER is the primary site for the maturation and folding of soluble and transmembrane secretory proteins. The calnexin cycle is a specific chaperone system that folds and assesses the confirmation of N-glycosylated proteins before they can exit the ER lumen. The primary players of this quality check pipeline are the lectins, ER-resident chaperones, and a glucosyl transferase enzyme. In case the calnexin system in the lumen fails to salvage a misfolded protein, it is transported to the cytoplasm...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Origami Inspired Self-assembly of Patterned and Reconfigurable Particles
12:33

Origami Inspired Self-assembly of Patterned and Reconfigurable Particles

Published on: February 4, 2013

Programmable matter by folding.

E Hawkes1, B An, N M Benbernou

  • 1School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
|July 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed programmable matter by folding, a novel material that autonomously folds into various shapes. This self-folding origami approach simplifies complex transforming machines by using a single sheet with universal crease patterns.

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Fabrication of Three-Dimensional Graphene-Based Polyhedrons via Origami-Like Self-Folding

Published on: September 23, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Robotics
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Geometry

Background:

  • Programmable matter offers dynamic shape and stiffness control.
  • Previous transforming machines faced challenges with miniaturization, component count, and communication complexity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel method for creating programmable sheets capable of autonomous shape transformation.
  • To overcome limitations of prior transforming machine designs through self-folding origami.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a self-folding origami concept with universal crease patterns on a single sheet.
  • Developed a scalable, end-to-end planning and fabrication process.
  • Employed embedded actuation for folding into predetermined shapes.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated a system that computes optimized sheet designs and controllers for desired objects.
  • Successfully created programmable matter by folding capable of achieving multiple shapes.
  • Showcased a reduction in complexity compared to traditional transforming machines.

Conclusions:

  • Self-folding origami with universal crease patterns offers a viable approach to programmable matter.
  • The developed planning and fabrication process enables the creation of multi-shape, multi-function materials.
  • This technology advances the field of autonomous transforming systems.