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Related Concept Videos

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis01:23

Role of Skin in Vitamin D Synthesis

The skin plays a crucial role in the synthesis of vitamin D, a vital nutrient for various physiological processes in the body. Vitamin D is unique because it can be synthesized in the skin through a series of chemical reactions triggered by exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation from sunlight.
The solar UV B rays (290-315 nm) are absorbed by the skin, and 7-dehydrocholesterol (provitamin D3) photolyzes it to previtamin D3, which undergoes a rapid transformation to vitamin D3(cholecalciferol).
Pigmentation01:19

Pigmentation

The color of the skin is influenced by a number of pigments, including melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin. Recall that melanin is produced by cells called melanocytes, which are found scattered throughout the stratum basale of the epidermis. The melanin is transferred to the keratinocytes via melanosomes.
Melanin occurs in two primary forms: eumelanin that provides black and brown pigment and pheomelanin that provides red color. Dark-skinned individuals produce more melanin than those with pale...
Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Studying Chronic Exposure of Mice to Ultraviolet B Radiation
03:20

Studying Chronic Exposure of Mice to Ultraviolet B Radiation

Published on: August 19, 2025

Update on childhood vitiligo.

Nanette B Silverberg1

  • 1Department of Dermatology, St Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY 10025, USA. Nsilverb@chpnet.org

Current Opinion in Pediatrics
|July 10, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent advances in vitiligo vulgaris research identify key genes and improved therapies. Early intervention and cyclic treatment strategies offer better cosmetic outcomes for this autoimmune skin condition.

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Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts into Melanocytes
09:38

Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts into Melanocytes

Published on: August 27, 2021

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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Studying Chronic Exposure of Mice to Ultraviolet B Radiation
03:20

Studying Chronic Exposure of Mice to Ultraviolet B Radiation

Published on: August 19, 2025

Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts into Melanocytes
09:38

Direct Reprogramming of Mouse Fibroblasts into Melanocytes

Published on: August 27, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Immunology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Vitiligo vulgaris is an autoimmune condition affecting melanocytes.
  • Childhood onset is common, impacting psychological well-being.
  • Genetic links exist with autoimmune comorbidities like thyroid disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in vitiligo vulgaris understanding.
  • To discuss updated treatment strategies for vitiligo vulgaris.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on vitiligo.
  • Analysis of genetic targets and therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

  • Identified target genes: NACHT-leucine-rich-repeat protein-1 (NALP1) and tyrosinase.
  • Reactive oxidation species implicated in melanocyte destruction.
  • Improved therapies include topical calcineurin inhibitors, corticosteroid/calcipotriene combinations, narrowband UVB, and excimer laser.

Conclusions:

  • A cyclic therapeutic approach is recommended, alternating topical agents every 6-8 months.
  • Technological therapies should be considered after maximal topical response.
  • Early intervention and cyclic therapy can lead to good cosmetic results, especially in localized cases.