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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 28, 2026

Anatomical Reconstructions of the Human Cardiac Venous System using Contrast-computed Tomography of Perfusion-fixed Specimens

Anatomical Reconstructions of the Human Cardiac Venous System using Contrast-computed Tomography of Perfusion-fixed Specimens

Published on: April 18, 2013

Venous waterfalls in coronary circulation.

R E Gosselin¹, S M Kaplow

¹Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, New Hampshire 03756.

Journal of Theoretical Biology

|March 21, 1991

Summary

This study investigated the "vascular waterfall" phenomenon in rabbit hearts, finding that increased edema leads to multiple waterfalls and altered coronary resistance. This helps explain pressure-flow relationships in the coronary circulation.

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Physiology
Biophysics
Hemodynamics

Background:

The
vascular waterfall
concept explains flow regulation in collapsible vessels under external pressure.
A positive zero-flow pressure intercept (Pe) is a hallmark of this state.
While observed in coronary circulation, other factors can cause Pe in beating hearts.

Purpose of the Study:

To isolate and investigate the vascular waterfall mechanism in coronary circulation.
To determine the cause of the positive zero-flow pressure intercept (Pe) in non-beating rabbit hearts.
To explore the relationship between edema, interstitial fluid pressure, and vascular collapse.

Main Methods:

Excised, non-beating rabbit hearts were perfused with a Newtonian fluid (Ringers solution) containing vasodilators.

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Non-pulsatile flow-pressure curves were measured.

Interstitial fluid pressure (Pn) and gel swelling pressure (Ps) were measured to estimate intraluminal fluid pressure (Pw).

Main Results:

Vascular waterfalls were identified as the likely cause of Pe in this model.
Increased edema correlated with higher Pe and flatter flow-pressure curves, indicating multiple waterfalls.
Interstitial fluid pressure (Pn) increased linearly with perfusion pressure due to capillary filtration, affecting Pw.
A method for estimating Ps and Pw was developed.

Conclusions:

The vascular waterfall is a key mechanism influencing coronary flow regulation, particularly in edematous states.
Multiple waterfalls with varying pressures can occur, leading to venous channel collapse.
The dynamic nature of interstitial fluid pressure impacts the intraluminal fluid pressure (Pw) and has implications for understanding coronary resistance.