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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
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Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Published on: July 14, 2023

Changing biochemical presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism.

Martin Almquist1, Anders Bergenfelz, Hans Mårtensson

  • 1Department of Surgery, Lund University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden. martin.almquist@med.lu.se

Langenbeck'S Archives of Surgery
|July 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) patients now present with milder symptoms, leading to lower preoperative calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels. This trend, particularly in women, shows decreasing adenoma weight, potentially impacting surgical localization accuracy.

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Last Updated: Jun 11, 2026

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
03:57

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Published on: July 14, 2023

Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
07:13

Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation

Published on: March 14, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT) clinical presentation has shifted towards milder symptoms over time.
  • This shift may correlate with reduced preoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcium levels, and smaller parathyroid adenomas.
  • Smaller adenomas pose challenges for preoperative imaging, potentially increasing surgical failure rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate trends in preoperative biochemical markers and adenoma weight in patients with pHPT.
  • To assess changes in these parameters over distinct time periods from 1990 to 2007.
  • To evaluate the correlation between preoperative calcium, PTH, and adenoma weight.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of a prospectively collected database of 640 patients with histologically confirmed single-gland pHPT.
  • Comparison of median preoperative calcium, PTH, and adenoma weight across three time intervals: 1990-1995, 1996-2000, and 2000-2007.
  • Calculation of the correlation between preoperative calcium and PTH levels and adenoma weight.

Main Results:

  • A significant decrease in preoperative ionized calcium levels was observed over the study period (p < 0.001).
  • A positive correlation between preoperative PTH and adenoma weight was noted (r = 0.32, p < 0.001), though its magnitude decreased over time.
  • Adenoma weight in women significantly decreased over time, with median weights of 750 mg, 650 mg, and 520 mg in the successive periods.

Conclusions:

  • A significant trend towards operating on pHPT patients with lower preoperative serum ionized calcium levels was identified between 1990 and 2007.
  • Adenoma weight, particularly in women, has decreased over this period.
  • These evolving trends may reduce the sensitivity of preoperative localization procedures for parathyroid adenomas.