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The indirect motor or extrapyramidal pathways originate in the brainstem, the lower portion of the brain that connects it to the spinal cord. They consist of several distinct tracts, each with specialized functions. The four main tracts of the indirect motor pathways are the vestibulospinal tract, the reticulospinal tract, the tectospinal tract, and the rubrospinal tract.
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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
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The Midbrain
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Overview of Somatic Sensory Pathways

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Somatic sensory or somatosensory pathways refer to the neural pathways that carry information related to touch, pressure, pain, temperature, and proprioception from the skin, muscles, tendons, and joints to the brain. These pathways involve several stages of processing and integration of sensory information.
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Long-range Channelrhodopsin-assisted Circuit Mapping of Inferior Colliculus Neurons with Blue and Red-shifted Channelrhodopsins

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Published on: February 7, 2020

Efferent pathways modulate hyperactivity in inferior colliculus.

Wilhelmina Henrica A M Mulders¹, Kumar Seluakumaran, Donald Robertson

¹The Auditory Laboratory, Discipline of Physiology, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular, and Chemical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia. hmulders@cyllene.uwa.edu.au

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience

|July 16, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Mild hearing loss causes hyperactivity in auditory pathways, potentially leading to tinnitus. The olivocochlear system can suppress this hyperactivity, suggesting a new therapeutic target for tinnitus.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Auditory Neuroscience
Tinnitus Research

Background:

Acoustic trauma-induced hearing loss causes hyperactivity in central auditory pathways.
This hyperactivity is a potential mechanism for tinnitus generation.
Hyperactivity in the inferior colliculus persists post-recovery and depends on cochlear output.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate the role of the olivocochlear system in modulating hyperactivity.
Determine if olivocochlear stimulation can suppress hyperactivity in the inferior colliculus.

Main Methods:

Used anesthetized guinea pigs exposed to acoustic trauma.
Recorded single-neuron activity in the inferior colliculus after 2-3 weeks of recovery.
Electrically stimulated olivocochlear axons and assessed effects on cochlear output and neuronal activity.

Main Results:

Olivocochlear stimulation significantly suppressed spontaneous hyperactivity in the inferior colliculus.
Central suppression effects were larger and longer-lasting than previously reported for primary afferents.
Blocking intracochlear olivocochlear effects partially reduced suppression, indicating a central component.

Conclusions:

The olivocochlear system effectively suppresses hyperactivity in the central auditory pathway.
Both cochlear and central mechanisms contribute to olivocochlear-mediated suppression.
Further research is needed to elucidate the central pathways involved in this modulation.