A uniform source-and-sink scheme for calculating thermal conductivity by nonequilibrium molecular dynamics

A uniform source-and-sink (USS) scheme, which combines features of the reverse [F. Müller-Plathe, J. Chem. Phys. 106, 6082 (1997)] and improved relaxation [B. Y. Cao, J. Chem. Phys. 129, 074106 (2008)] methods, is developed to calculate the thermal conductivity by nonequilibrium molecular dynamics (NEMD). The uniform internal heat source and sink are realized by exchanging the velocity vectors of individual atoms in the right half and left half systems, and produce a periodically quadratic temperature profile throughout the system. The thermal conductivity can be easily extracted from the mean temperatures of the right and left half systems rather than by fitting the temperature profiles. In particular, this scheme greatly increases the relaxation of the exited localized phonon modes which often worsen the calculation accuracy and efficiency in most other NEMD methods. The calculation of the thermal conductivities of solid argon shows that the simple USS scheme gives accurate results with fast convergence.