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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Non-Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation Montages for Modulation of Human Motor Function

Non-Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation Montages for Modulation of Human Motor Function

Published on: February 4, 2016

Neuromodulation: advances in the next decade.

Russell J Andrews¹

¹NASA Ames Research Center (Smart Systems & Nanotechnology), Moffett Field, California, USA. rja@russelljandrews.org

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

|July 17, 2010

Summary

Precise neuromodulation using advanced nanoelectrode arrays offers targeted treatment for nervous system disorders by monitoring and stimulating electrical activity and neurotransmitters at the cellular level.

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Biomedical Engineering
Neuromodulation

Background:

Nervous system disorders involve neurotransmitter imbalances and aberrant electrical activity.
Current pharmacologic treatments lack precise targeting, affecting overall brain function.
Non-neuronal cells like astrocytes significantly influence neuronal function.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore precise monitoring and modulation of neuronal activity for optimized therapy.
To investigate the potential of ultramicroelectrodes and nanoelectrode arrays for neurological disorders.
To advance therapeutic strategies beyond current deep brain stimulation (DBS) methods.

Main Methods:

Utilized carbon-fiber microelectrodes (5 microm diameter) to map dopamine release heterogeneity in rodent nucleus accumbens.

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Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation of Human In Vitro Neural Cultures in Multi-Well Microelectrode Arrays

Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation of Human In Vitro Neural Cultures in Multi-Well Microelectrode Arrays

Published on: May 3, 2024

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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Non-Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation Montages for Modulation of Human Motor Function

Non-Invasive Electrical Brain Stimulation Montages for Modulation of Human Motor Function

Published on: February 4, 2016

Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation of Human In Vitro Neural Cultures in Multi-Well Microelectrode Arrays

Focused Ultrasound Neuromodulation of Human In Vitro Neural Cultures in Multi-Well Microelectrode Arrays

Published on: May 3, 2024

Developed and employed nanoelectrode arrays for real-time, submicron resolution monitoring and stimulation of electrical activity and dopamine.

Investigated endovascular techniques for introducing ultramicroelectrodes (0.5 micron or smaller) into brain capillaries.

Main Results:

Demonstrated heterogeneous dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens, crucial for mood disorder research.
Showcased nanoelectrode arrays' capability to monitor electrical activity and dopamine with submicron precision.
Confirmed that endovascularly introduced ultramicroelectrodes provide stimulation/recording comparable to extra-vascular ones.

Conclusions:

Ultramicroelectrodes and nanoelectrode arrays are essential for precise, localized neural monitoring and modulation.
Future therapeutic approaches will involve widespread deployment of submicron electrodes for restoring brain function.
The term "neuromodulation" is poised to encompass both electrical and neurochemical interventions, advancing beyond traditional deep brain stimulation.