Orbital disease in neuro-ophthalmology

Virtually all abnormalities of the orbit can result in neuro-ophthalmic findings: optic neuropathies, motility disorders, and changes in sensation. Subtle orbital disease, presenting with neuro-ophthalmic findings, is frequently overlooked on initial evaluation. By contrast, obvious orbital diseases, such as Graves disease, are also commonly managed by neuro-ophthalmologists, and although they might not come with much of a diagnostic dilemma, may be a challenge to treat. This article focuses on those disorders more commonly encountered or that come with more serious consequences if misdiagnosed. Orbital trauma, hemorrhage, neoplasm, and inflammation are covered in some detail.