Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Impacts of Thyroid Eye Disease (TED), Beyond the Signs and Symptoms: Results from the ElevaTED Patient Survey.

Ophthalmology and therapy·2026
Same author

Reply.

Ophthalmology·2024
Same author

Teprotumumab-Related Adverse Events in Thyroid Eye Disease: A Multicenter Study.

Ophthalmology·2023
Same author

Assessing Health Care Utilization and Spending Among Older Medicare Beneficiaries With and Without HIV.

Medical care research and review : MCRR·2023
Same author

Correction to: Quality of Life in Patients with Chronic Thyroid Eye Disease in the United States.

Ophthalmology and therapy·2022
Same author

Bridging the Gap between Ophthalmology and Emergency Medicine in Community-Based Emergency Departments (EDs): A Neuro-Ophthalmology Guide for ED Practitioners.

Clinics and practice·2021
Same journal

Sports Neurology.

Neurologic clinics·2026
Same journal

Sports-Related Peripheral Nerve Injuries.

Neurologic clinics·2026
Same journal

Active Rehabilitation and Return to Play in Sports-Related Concussion.

Neurologic clinics·2026
Same journal

Autonomic Assessment and Management in Sports-Related Concussion.

Neurologic clinics·2026
Same journal

Management of Vestibular Symptoms in Sports-Related Concussion.

Neurologic clinics·2026
Same journal

Neuropsychological Assessment in Sport-Related Concussion: Evidence, Controversies, and Clinical Applications.

Neurologic clinics·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
05:41

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Published on: February 9, 2024

Thyroid eye disease.

Kimberly P Cockerham1, Stephanie S Chan

  • 1Department of Ophthalmology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. dr@cockerhammd.com

Neurologic Clinics
|July 20, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid eye disease (TED), often linked to Graves disease, causes proptosis and vision issues. Management involves medication, radiation, or surgery, with reconstructive options for stable patients.

More Related Videos

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions
05:41

Synchronous Triplanar Reconstruction Integrated with Color Doppler Mapping for Precise and Rapid Localization of Thyroid Lesions

Published on: February 9, 2024

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Endocrinology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Thyroid eye disease (TED) is the leading cause of adult proptosis.
  • It frequently co-occurs with Graves disease (GD), affecting at least 50% of GD patients.
  • Diagnostic challenges arise when eye symptoms precede thyroid dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline the clinical presentation and management of thyroid eye disease.
  • To highlight the association between TED and Graves disease.
  • To discuss the treatment spectrum and long-term outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical manifestations and diagnostic considerations for TED.
  • Discussion of management strategies including medical, radiological, and surgical interventions.
  • Analysis of prognostic factors for visual function and functional outcomes.

Main Results:

  • Proptosis is a key sign of TED, necessitating consideration in patients with unexplained visual disturbances.
  • A strong association exists between TED and Graves disease (GD).
  • While optic nerve function prognosis is generally good, restrictive dysmotility can lead to permanent disability.

Conclusions:

  • Early consideration of TED is crucial for patients presenting with relevant ocular symptoms.
  • Comprehensive management strategies are available, tailored to disease activity and severity.
  • Surgical reconstruction offers functional and aesthetic improvements in inactive TED stages.