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Hepatitis

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...

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Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Multicellular Human Alveolar Model Composed of Epithelial Cells and Primary Immune Cells for Hazard Assessment

Multicellular Human Alveolar Model Composed of Epithelial Cells and Primary Immune Cells for Hazard Assessment

Published on: May 6, 2020

Hepatitis B immunology for clinicians.

Kyong-Mi Chang¹

¹Philadelphia VA Medical Center & University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, 19104, USA. kmchang@mail.med.upenn.edu

Clinics in Liver Disease

|July 20, 2010

Summary

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects over 350 million globally, with outcomes depending on immune responses. Understanding innate and adaptive immunity is key to managing acute and chronic hepatitis B.

Area of Science:

Hepatology
Virology
Immunology

Background:

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) causes significant global liver disease, with over 350 million chronically infected individuals.
Prevalence and transmission modes of HBV vary geographically, influencing chronicity rates.
The clinical course of HBV infection is determined by host immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

To review innate and adaptive immune defense mechanisms against HBV.
To examine the role of immune components in acute and chronic hepatitis B outcomes.
To discuss current concepts in HBV immunology relevant to clinical, virologic, and therapeutic aspects.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on HBV immunology.
Analysis of innate and adaptive immune responses in hepatitis B.

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Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

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Multicellular Human Alveolar Model Composed of Epithelial Cells and Primary Immune Cells for Hazard Assessment

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Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice

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Published on: September 25, 2019

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

Analysis of HBV-Specific CD4 T-cell Responses and Identification of HLA-DR-Restricted CD4 T-Cell Epitopes Based on a Peptide Matrix

Published on: October 20, 2021

Examination of immune system interplay with HBV infection.

Main Results:

Geographic variations in HBV prevalence are linked to transmission routes and timing of exposure.
Perinatal transmission in high-prevalence areas leads to higher chronicity rates without vaccination.
Host immune defense critically influences the outcome of HBV infection.

Conclusions:

Immune responses, both innate and adaptive, are central to controlling HBV infection.
Understanding these immune components is crucial for developing effective therapies for acute and chronic hepatitis B.
Further research into HBV-specific immunity can improve clinical and therapeutic outcomes.