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Related Concept Videos

Language Development01:22

Language Development

Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
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Components of Language01:24

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Language, whether spoken, signed, or written, consists of specific components: lexicon and grammar. The lexicon is the vocabulary of a language, comprising its words. Grammar is the set of rules used to convey meaning through the lexicon. For example, English grammar adds “-ed” to most verbs to indicate past tense. Words are formed by combining phonemes, which are the basic sound units of a language. Different languages have different sets of phonemes (e.g., “ah” vs. “eh”). Phonemes combine to...
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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Conjugation is a form of horizontal gene transfer that primarily occurs in bacteria and some archaea, promoting genetic diversity and adaptation. Bacteria can acquire resistance genes through conjugative plasmids, allowing them to survive antibiotic treatments that would otherwise be lethal. This process involves direct contact between cells through specialized structures such as the sex pilus and is mediated by conjugative plasmids, including the F (fertility) factor.Conjugation requires...
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Language01:16

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks
08:32

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks

Published on: September 5, 2019

Processing subject-verb agreement in a second language depends on proficiency.

Noriko Hoshino1, Paola E Dussias, Judith F Kroll

  • 1The Pennsylvania State University.

Bilingualism (Cambridge, England)
|July 20, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Bilingual speakers use both grammatical and conceptual number in their first language (L1). Highly proficient speakers also use conceptual number in their second language (L2), showing language proficiency impacts speech planning.

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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

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Area of Science:

  • Psycholinguistics
  • Second Language Acquisition
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • Subject-verb agreement is challenging for both first language (L1) and second language (L2) learners.
  • Bilingual language processing involves integrating grammatical and conceptual information.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how bilingual speakers access grammatical and conceptual number during sentence production.
  • To determine the role of language proficiency in accessing conceptual number in the L2.

Main Methods:

  • Two experiments were conducted using sentence fragment completion tasks.
  • Participants were bilingual speakers with varying levels of proficiency in their L2.

Main Results:

  • Bilingual speakers demonstrated sensitivity to both grammatical and conceptual number in their L1.
  • Sensitivity to grammatical number agreement was observed in the L2.
  • Only highly proficient bilinguals showed sensitivity to conceptual number in the L2.

Conclusions:

  • Language proficiency is a key factor in bilinguals' ability to access conceptual number during L2 speech planning.
  • The findings suggest a continuum of L2 processing, from primarily grammatical to integrated grammatical and conceptual processing.
  • This research contributes to understanding the cognitive mechanisms underlying bilingual language production.