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Related Concept Videos

Peroxisomes01:24

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes are specialized organelles present in fungi, plant, and animal cells. It can vary in number, size, morphology, and activity depending on the type of tissue and the nutritional state of the cell. For example, cells with active lipid metabolism, such as adipocytes, neurons, and hepatocytes, have more peroxisomes than other cells in the body. Besides their primary role in breaking down complex organic molecules, peroxisomes can also synthesize specific macromolecules and participate in...
Peroxisomes01:30

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration—the process that converts energy from food into ATP. Peroxisomes carry out a variety of functions, primarily breaking down different substances, such as fatty acids.The peroxisome is a single membrane-bound cellular organelle that can perform several different functions, including lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification. The enzymes within peroxisomes...
Peroxisomes01:24

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes are specialized organelles present in fungi, plant, and animal cells. It can vary in number, size, morphology, and activity depending on the type of tissue and the nutritional state of the cell. For example, cells with active lipid metabolism, such as adipocytes, neurons, and hepatocytes, have more peroxisomes than other cells in the body. Besides their primary role in breaking down complex organic molecules, peroxisomes can also synthesize specific macromolecules and participate in...
Oxygen Requirements and Growth Patterns01:29

Oxygen Requirements and Growth Patterns

Microorganisms exhibit diverse oxygen requirements and growth patterns driven by their metabolic strategies and environmental adaptations. Oxygen, while essential for many organisms, can also be toxic under certain conditions, shaping how microorganisms grow and survive.Oxygen Requirements of MicroorganismsMicroorganisms are classified based on their ability to use or tolerate oxygen:● Obligate aerobes like Mycobacterium tuberculosis need oxygen for energy production, as it serves as the...
Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity01:25

Bioactivation and Tissue Toxicity

Bioactivation is a metabolic process that transforms less reactive substances into highly reactive metabolites, initiating tissue toxicity. This transformation can lead to various toxic effects, including carcinogenesis and teratogenesis. Reactive metabolites are classified into two main types: electrophiles and free radicals.Electrophiles are electron-deficient species and are produced primarily by the enzyme cytochrome P-450 during the metabolism of compounds containing carbon, nitrogen, or...
Necrosis01:16

Necrosis

Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
Morphological Manifestations of Necrosis
Necrotic cells show different types of morphological appearance depending on the type of tissue and infection. In coagulative necrosis, cells become anucleated and die, but their...

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Peroxynitrite-An ugly biofactor?

Paolo Ascenzi1, Alessandra di Masi, Clara Sciorati

  • 1Department of Biology, University Roma Tre, Italy. ascenzi@uniroma3.it

Biofactors (Oxford, England)
|July 21, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Peroxynitrite, a reactive nitrogen species, causes cellular damage and contributes to various diseases. However, it also exhibits protective effects at low concentrations, with heme-proteins mitigating its harmful actions.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Oxidative Stress Research
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Cellular damage under oxidative stress is primarily linked to peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)) formation from nitric oxide (NO(*)) and superoxide (O(2)(*-)).
  • Peroxynitrite's reaction with carbon dioxide (CO(2)) generates further reactive species, potentially altering its biological targets.
  • Excessive peroxynitrite contributes to DNA damage, enzyme inactivation, and cell membrane disruption, implicating it in numerous diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the biochemical mechanisms underlying peroxynitrite's dual role in cellular damage and protection.
  • To explore how carbon dioxide influences peroxynitrite reactivity and specificity.
  • To understand the protective mechanisms against peroxynitrite-mediated damage, particularly the role of heme-proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Biochemical assays to analyze peroxynitrite formation and reactivity.
  • Studies on the interaction of peroxynitrite with carbon dioxide and biomolecules.
  • Investigation of heme-protein interactions with peroxynitrite and related species.

Main Results:

  • Peroxynitrite formation is a key mediator of oxidative cellular damage.
  • The reaction with CO(2) can modulate peroxynitrite's oxidative potential and specificity.
  • Peroxynitrite exhibits both detrimental effects in diseases and protective actions at different concentrations.
  • Heme-proteins like hemoglobin effectively impair the harmful effects of peroxynitrite.

Conclusions:

  • Peroxynitrite's biochemical actions are central to its diverse biomedical effects, ranging from disease causation to therapeutic potential.
  • Understanding peroxynitrite biochemistry is crucial for developing strategies to manage oxidative stress-related conditions.
  • Heme-proteins represent a significant endogenous defense against peroxynitrite toxicity.