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Hemostasis is a crucial process that prevents excessive blood loss from damaged blood vessels. It involves various mechanisms such as vasoconstriction, platelet adhesion and activation, and fibrin formation. The importance of each mechanism depends on the type of vessel injury. In contrast, thrombosis is the abnormal formation of a blood clot within the blood vessels, leading to potential complications if the clot obstructs blood flow. Thrombosis can be caused by increased coagulability of the...
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Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Determination of the Procoagulant Activity of Extracellular Vesicle (EV) Using EV-Activated Clotting Time (EV-ACT)
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Egg white as a blood coagulation surrogate.

Yunbo Liu1, Subha Maruvada, Bruce A Herman

  • 1Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Building 62, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, USA. yxl@cdrh.fda.gov

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America
|July 24, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Egg white serves as a reliable surrogate for blood in therapeutic ultrasound testing. Its acoustical and thermal properties closely mimic blood, making it valuable for evaluating high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) devices.

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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Biomaterials Science
  • Medical Ultrasound

Background:

  • Therapeutic ultrasound devices require accurate testing materials.
  • Egg white is a protein-rich solution with potential as a blood surrogate.
  • Understanding material properties under thermal stress is crucial for device safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate egg white as a surrogate for blood in acoustical and thermal testing of therapeutic ultrasound devices.
  • To compare the physical and thermal properties of egg white with those of cow, pig, and human blood.
  • To determine the suitability of egg white for evaluating high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) devices.

Main Methods:

  • Measurement of physical properties (coagulation temperature, attenuation, sound speed, viscosity, thermal properties) of egg white as a function of temperature (20-95°C).
  • Assessment of thermal coagulation and attenuation of egg white and blood samples (cow, pig, human) at 1 and 5-12 MHz.
  • Comparison of egg white properties with blood properties under similar thermal exposure conditions.

Main Results:

  • Egg white and blood samples exhibited similar thermal denaturation starting at 65°C and coagulation at 85°C.
  • Egg white's acoustic attenuation closely matched that of blood samples, increasing significantly with temperature due to bubble cavity formation.
  • Temperature-dependent physical and thermal properties of egg white were comparable to reported blood values.

Conclusions:

  • Egg white demonstrates acoustical and thermal properties similar to blood, validating its use as a blood surrogate.
  • Egg white is a potentially valuable and accessible tool for bench testing the safety and efficacy of therapeutic ultrasound devices, including HIFU.
  • Further research can leverage egg white for standardized testing protocols in ultrasound device development.