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Related Concept Videos

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism01:27

Combined Effects of Drugs: Synergism

Synergism is a useful mechanism where combining two or more drugs is more effective than each constituent used alone. Such combinations are also called supra-additive interactions. The drugs collectively enhance the final therapeutic effect by acting on different targets. Another advantage is that the low dose of each constituent drug is sufficient to achieve the desired effect. This helps reduce the duration of therapy and lower the adverse effects of these drugs.
Such synergistic combinations...
Factors Affecting Illness01:18

Factors Affecting Illness

When a person's physical, emotional, intellectual, social development or spiritual functioning is compromised, this deviation from a healthy normal state is called illness. Illness creates stress that in turn harms individuals. Irritation, anger, denial, hopelessness, and fear are behavioral and emotional changes an individual experiences in the phases of illness. A variety of factors influence a person's health and well-being.
For instance, risk factors are connected to illness, disability,...
COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features01:20

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
The primary cause for the onset of COPD is cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution. These hazardous factors initiate a chain reaction within the lungs, resulting in chronic inflammation, damage to the airways, and a...
Combined Effects of Drugs: Antagonism01:30

Combined Effects of Drugs: Antagonism

The combined effects of drugs can result in various interactions, of which an important type is antagonism. Antagonism is a mechanism where one drug inhibits or counteracts the effects of another drug. Antagonism can occur through various means, including receptor binding, allosteric modulation, functional interaction, chemical reactions, and pharmacokinetic processes.
The most common type is receptor antagonism, where one drug acts as an antagonist to block the effects of another drug by...
Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease01:27

Psychoneuroimmunology: Cardiovascular Disease

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is a multidisciplinary field that examines how psychological factors, particularly stress, interact with the immune system and impact physical health. Research in PNI has shown that chronic or traumatic stress can disrupt both the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic nervous system. These disruptions contribute to serious health conditions, including cardiovascular diseases.
A key area of focus in PNI is the relationship between stress and coronary...

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Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: September 9, 2022

Emerging effects of comorbidities on multiple sclerosis.

Ruth Ann Marrie1, Ralph I Horwitz

  • 1Health Sciences Center, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. rmarrie@hsc.mb.ca

The Lancet. Neurology
|July 24, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Comorbidities and lifestyle factors significantly impact multiple sclerosis (MS) progression, affecting diagnosis, disability, and quality of life. Future research should explore these interactions comprehensively.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Comorbidities and adverse health factors are prevalent in multiple sclerosis (MS).
  • These factors significantly influence the clinical course and patient outcomes in MS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the underappreciated impact of comorbidities on multiple sclerosis.
  • To emphasize the need for comprehensive research into comorbidity and MS associations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing evidence on comorbidities in multiple sclerosis.
  • Identification of key areas for future research and study design.

Main Results:

  • Comorbidities and lifestyle factors (smoking, obesity) affect MS phenotype, diagnostic delay, disability, and quality of life.

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Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
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Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

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Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
06:19

Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: September 9, 2022

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
09:41

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

Published on: July 19, 2019

  • Socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and culture modify these effects.

    • Conclusions:

    • Future MS research must integrate comorbidity and health behavior assessments.
    • Population-based studies with appropriate comparators are needed to track comorbidity frequency over time.