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Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells are undifferentiated pluripotent cells, meaning they can produce any cell type in the body. This gives them tremendous potential in science and medicine since they can generate specific cell types for use in research or to replace body cells lost due to damage or disease.

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic Stem Cells

Embryonic stem (ES) cells were first discovered in mice in 1981 by Martin Evans. In 1998, James Thomson identified a method to isolate embryonic stem cells from humans. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are obtained from 3-5 day old embryos that remain unused after an in vitro fertilization procedure.
ES cells are grown in a culture medium where they can divide indefinitely, creating ES cell lines. Under certain conditions, ES cells can differentiate, either spontaneously into a variety of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Electric-Field-Induced Neural Precursor Cell Differentiation in Microfluidic Devices

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Published on: April 14, 2021

Current-Controlled Electrical Point-Source Stimulation of Embryonic Stem Cells.

Michael Q Chen¹, Xiaoyan Xie, Kitchener D Wilson

¹Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 330 Serra Mall, CISX-206X, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering

|July 24, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Electrical pacing of embryonic stem (ES) cells can enhance cardiomyocyte differentiation for myocardial repair. Specific electrical stimulation conditions significantly influence gene expression, promoting cardiac development without affecting pluripotency.

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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

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Published on: April 14, 2021

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Published on: October 6, 2012

Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Stem Cell Biology
Cardiovascular Research

Background:

Stem cell therapy shows promise for myocardial repair, but graft integration is inconsistent.
The impact of host tissue electrical activity on stem cell graft differentiation is poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the influence of electrical pacing on embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation and integration.
To develop an in vitro system for controlled electrical stimulation of differentiating ES cells.

Main Methods:

Developed an in vitro system for electrical pacing of differentiating murine ES cells using microelectrodes.
Applied physiologically relevant electrical stimulation (voltage-controlled current source) for up to 4 days.
Analyzed gene expression (real-time PCR, microarray) and protein expression (immunofluorescence) across different differentiation stages and stimulation amplitudes.

Main Results:

ES cell differentiation showed high sensitivity to electrical pacing, varying with differentiation stage and stimulation amplitude.
Optimal conditions (Day 7 EBs, 30 microA) significantly increased cardiomyocyte differentiation markers (troponin-T, beta-MHC) without affecting Nanog (proliferation marker).
Electrical pacing induced broad transcriptome changes, upregulating mature gene programs while downregulating pluripotency genes.

Conclusions:

A robust system for long-term ES cell stimulation was demonstrated.
Specific electrical pacing conditions were identified to effectively promote cardiomyocyte differentiation.
Understanding electrical cues is crucial for optimizing stem cell therapy in myocardial repair.