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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry01:21

Chemical Ionization (CI) Mass Spectrometry

The molecular ion peak of a molecule in the mass spectrum provides vital information for molecular identification. However, conventional electron impact ionization can lead to the rapid dissociation of some molecular ions before they reach the detector. A milder ionization method is required to increase the lifetime of such ionized analyte molecules. Chemical ionization (CI) is a gas-phase protonation reaction useful for mass-analyzing analyte molecules that are easily protonated to yield the...
Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
Types of Radioactivity03:23

Types of Radioactivity

The most common types of radioactivity are α decay, β decay, γ decay, neutron emission, and electron capture.
Alpha (α) decay is the emission of an α particle from the nucleus. For example, polonium-210 undergoes α decay:
Positron Emission Tomography01:29

Positron Emission Tomography

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a medical imaging technique involving radiopharmaceuticals — substances that emit short-lived radiation. Although the first PET scanner was introduced in 1961, it took 15 more years before radiopharmaceuticals were combined with the technique and revolutionized its potential.
One of the main requirements of a PET scan is a positron-emitting radioisotope, which is produced in a cyclotron and then attached to a substance used by the part of the body being...
Ionization Energy03:12

Ionization Energy

The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy (IE1). The first ionization energy for an element, X, is the energy required to form a cation with 1+ charge:
Isotopes and Radioisotopes01:28

Isotopes and Radioisotopes

In the early 1900s, English chemist Frederick Soddy realized that an element could have atoms with different masses that were chemically indistinguishable. These different types are called isotopes — atoms of the same element that differ in mass. Isotopes differ in mass because they have different numbers of neutrons but are chemically identical because they have the same number of protons. Soddy was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921 for this discovery.
An isotope containing more...

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Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
08:34

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies

Published on: February 6, 2019

[Particle therapy: carbon ions].

Pascal Pommier1, Yi Hu, Marie-Hélène Baron

  • 1CRLCC Léon-Bérard, Radiothérapie, Lyon, France.

Bulletin Du Cancer
|July 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Carbon ion therapy offers precise tumor targeting and enhanced cell killing for radioresistant cancers. This advanced radiation treatment spares healthy tissues, making it ideal for specific non-resectable tumors.

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Characterization of Recombination Effects in a Liquid Ionization Chamber Used for the Dosimetry of a Radiosurgical Accelerator
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Last Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Proton Therapy Delivery and Its Clinical Application in Select Solid Tumor Malignancies
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Characterization of Recombination Effects in a Liquid Ionization Chamber Used for the Dosimetry of a Radiosurgical Accelerator
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Characterization of Recombination Effects in a Liquid Ionization Chamber Used for the Dosimetry of a Radiosurgical Accelerator

Published on: May 9, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Radiation Physics
  • Medical Physics

Background:

  • Carbon ion therapy, conceptualized in the 1940s, utilizes advanced physics for cancer treatment.
  • Dedicated carbon ion therapy centers are a recent development, with early facilities established in Japan and Germany.
  • This therapy presents a significant advancement over conventional radiotherapy techniques.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the technical and clinical experience with carbon ion therapy.
  • To present the elective indications for carbon ion treatment.
  • To compare carbon ion therapy with conventional radiotherapy and proton therapy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of accumulated technical and clinical data on carbon ion therapy.
  • Detailed presentation of established elective indications for treatment.
  • Comparative analysis of carbon ion therapy versus conventional radiotherapy and hadrontherapy.

Main Results:

  • Carbon ion therapy features a spread-out Bragg peak for precise tumor targeting and healthy tissue sparing.
  • It exhibits higher relative biological efficiency than X-rays or protons, effective against radioresistant tumors.
  • Experience highlights its efficacy for non-resectable, loco-regionally advanced radioresistant tumors.

Conclusions:

  • Carbon ion therapy is an elective treatment for specific non-resectable radioresistant tumors.
  • Its physical and biological properties offer significant advantages in radiation oncology.
  • Further clinical experience and comparative studies are essential for optimizing its application.