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Related Concept Videos

Encoding01:19

Encoding

Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
Self-Regulation01:25

Self-Regulation

Self-regulation, also known as self-control, encompasses a range of cognitive and behavioral processes that allow individuals to adjust their internal states and outward actions to align with socially acceptable norms and long-term goals. It plays a fundamental role in adaptive functioning, from resisting impulsive behaviors to persisting through challenging tasks. While its benefits are widely recognized, self-regulation is not limitless. Muraven and Baumeister's theory posits that...
Hierarchy of Motor Control01:18

Hierarchy of Motor Control

The hierarchy of motor control refers to the different levels of organization and processing involved in controlling movement in the body. These levels range from higher cortical areas involved in planning and decision-making to lower spinal cord reflexes that respond automatically to external stimuli.
Feedback Inhibition00:46

Feedback Inhibition

Biochemical reactions are occurring constantly in cells, converting starting substances to different products, usually with the help of enzymes that speed the reactions. Without enzymes, it would take far too long for most reactions to occur to be useful to the cell!
Postsynaptic Potential (PSP)01:32

Postsynaptic Potential (PSP)

Postsynaptic potential (PSP) refers to a change in the electrical potential of a neuron when neurotransmitters released by presynaptic neurons bind to postsynaptic receptors. This potential can either be excitatory, leading to depolarization and ultimately action potential generation, or inhibitory, leading to hyperpolarization and suppression of the postsynaptic neuron.
There are two types of receptors: ionotropic and metabotropic.
The ionotropic receptor is the membrane protein that has an...
Motor Unit Stimulation01:20

Motor Unit Stimulation

When the neuron of a motor unit fires an action potential, it triggers a series of events, leading to a twitch contraction in the muscle fibers. The process of excitation-contraction coupling is crucial in relaying the action potential to the muscle fibers.
The latent period of contraction marks the onset of excitation-contraction coupling, when the action potential propagates across the sarcolemma, preparing the muscle fibers for contraction. As the fibers enter the contraction phase, the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 10, 2026

Detecting Pre-Stimulus Source-Level Effects on Object Perception with Magnetoencephalography
09:25

Detecting Pre-Stimulus Source-Level Effects on Object Perception with Magnetoencephalography

Published on: July 26, 2019

Voluntary control over prestimulus activity related to encoding.

Matthias J Gruber1, Leun J Otten

  • 1Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|July 28, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Human memory formation is enhanced by neural activity before an event, influenced by motivation. This preparatory brain activity is under voluntary control, indicating strategic anticipation for encoding information.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Effective human long-term memory formation depends on neural activity preceding an event.
  • The voluntary control over this prestimulus activity remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if prestimulus activity is influenced by motivation to encode.
  • To determine the temporal emergence of encoding-related activity.

Main Methods:

  • Recorded electrical brain activity in adults memorizing cued words with varying monetary rewards.
  • Utilized a five-way recognition task to assess memory recall after a short delay.

Main Results:

  • Reward cue-elicited neural activity predicted subsequent word memory, but only under high incentive conditions.
  • Encoding-related activity preceded high-reward words later recollected, starting after cue onset and lasting until word onset.
  • Prestimulus activity signaled both cue processing and a preparatory state, distinct from immediate reward-related activity.

Conclusions:

  • Neural activity benefiting upcoming event encoding is under voluntary control.
  • This reflects a strategic preparatory state in anticipation of event processing.
  • Motivation significantly influences the engagement of prestimulus neural activity for memory encoding.